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--- en:grammar:expressions [2021-12-05 10:42] – [Time expressions] christian
+++ en:grammar:expressions [2022-05-19 17:25] – [Place expressions] christian
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 ====== Expressions ======
-===== Questions and answers =====
-**wi** 'yes' and **no** 'no' are commonly used to answer yes/no questions.
-In content questions (that ask for some specific information), interrogative phrases such as 'who', 'what', 'why' are usually placed at the position where the corresponding word would occur in non-question sentences – in contrast to English, they are //not// moved to the front of the sentence (WALS 93; APiCS 12).
+===== Time expressions =====
-Question words include:
+(This may be called "adjuncts of time"; generally adjuncts give additional information on matters as such manner, time, place.)
-**ke** – what\\
+Time expressions are noun phrases or prepositional phrases that express when something takes place. Noun phrases used as time expressions don't need a preposition in front of them.
-**ke jen** – who\\
-**ke tem** – when\\
-**ke ples** – where\\
-**por ke** – why
-XXX Examples for **kese** 'how' (in what manner, in what state, in which way):
+"Naked" time expressions (not introduced by a preposition) are most commonly placed either after the object (or after the verb, if there is no object) or between subject and verb (in front of any verb markers that the clause may contain). They can also be placed after a prepositional phrase. It is also possible to place them at the start of a clause, giving them a slight [[emphasizing parts of a clause#fronting for emphasis|emphasis]]. Rarely are they placed between verb and object (but it is not wrong to do so).
-... – How did you find me?\\
+Time expressions include:
-... – She showed her friend how to do it.\\
-... – I remember well how I first met her/him. (used as conjunction)
-If the answer will likely not contain a copula, no copula is used in the question either:
+**den tali** – tomorrow\\
-**Ti kese?** – How are you?\\
-**Mi hau.** – I'm good.
-XXX Explain how to express 'which' and 'how many/how much'.
-===== Comparisons =====
-XXX more ... than, less ... than, ... as ...
-the most ... (of), the least ... (of)
-XXX Also derive the quantifier 'most', possibly as the superlative of **ingi** 'many, much, very'.
-===== Time expressions =====
-(This may be called "adjuncts of time"; generally adjuncts give additional information on matters as such manner, time, place")
-Time expressions are noun phrases that are usually placed immediately before the verb. Time expressions include:
-**den depan** – tomorrow\\
 **si den** – today\\
 **den laste** – yesterday\\
@@ Line 53: / Line 26: @@
 XXX Give further examples and explain usage.
-**Baru** 'just, recently' can be used to describe the recent past.
+XXX Also explain prepositional time expressions such as 'since yesterday', 'until next year', 'from Mai to December'. They are most typically placed after the object.
-**Ya baru [arrive].** – He/She has just arrived.
+===== Place expressions =====
-**Kwai** 'soon, be about to' can be used to refer to the near future.
+Place expressions are noun phrases or prepositional phrases that express where something takes place. They are placed in the same manner as time expressions.
+Prepositional phrases expressing a location often start with the word **ni** 'in, at, on'. Noun phrases used as place expressions without a preceding preposition generally have **ples** 'place' as their head noun. They include:
+**aru ples** – somewhere\\
+**eni ples** – anywhere\\
+**ke ples** – where\\
+**no ples** – nowhere, anywhere (in negated sentences)\\
+**ol ples** – everywhere\\
+**otra ples** – somewhere else, elsewhere\\
+**si ples** – here\\
+**ta ples** – (over) there
-**Ya kwai lai.** – He/She's about to come. / He/She will come soon.
+Before place expressions starting with **ni**, the copula **xi** is optional and often omitted.
-XXX Form combinations of quantifiers with common nouns to express further correlatives:
+**Mi (xi) ni London.** – I'm in London.
-  * Possibly use **tem** for 'never', 'sometimes', 'always' etc.?
+XXX Give some usage examples. Give some prepositional place expressions as examples and explain their usage too.
-  * place (location, position) – used for 'somewhere', 'everywhere' etc.
-  * manner (way of performing or effecting; method or style) – used to express "somehow" (in one way or another; in some way not yet known or designated) and related concepts.
 ===== Addressing people =====
@@ Line 78: / Line 60: @@
 salam – hello\\
-xukuru – thank (verb), thanks (noun), thank you (interjection)
+xukur – thank (verb), thanks (noun), thank you (interjection)