en:grammar:noun_phrases
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en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-01-27 13:32] – [Quantifiers and selectors] Fix example christian | en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-11-06 22:31] – [Determiners] Mention "xi" in order christian | ||
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- | ====== | + | {{page> |
+ | |||
+ | ====== Noun phrases ====== | ||
**Noun phrases** identify and describe people, things, places, concepts, and other entities. Noun phrases are made up of several parts, which occur in the following order: | **Noun phrases** identify and describe people, things, places, concepts, and other entities. Noun phrases are made up of several parts, which occur in the following order: | ||
- | > quantifiers and selectors | + | > determiners |
Except for the **head noun**, all elements are optional. | Except for the **head noun**, all elements are optional. | ||
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Note that there are no **articles** – and English words ' | Note that there are no **articles** – and English words ' | ||
- | **Mi den laste miru kat. Kat li side ni sima yane.** – Yesterday I saw a cat. The cat sat on a roof. | + | **Mi miru kat den laste . Kat li side ni sima cat.** – Yesterday I saw a cat. The cat sat on a roof. |
In the first sentence, since no **kat** was mentioned before, one can assume – if there is no additional context – that the cat is not yet known: 'a cat'. In the second sentence, since **kat** is mentioned again and there is nothing to suggest otherwise, one can assume that the same cat is meant: 'the cat'. | In the first sentence, since no **kat** was mentioned before, one can assume – if there is no additional context – that the cat is not yet known: 'a cat'. In the second sentence, since **kat** is mentioned again and there is nothing to suggest otherwise, one can assume that the same cat is meant: 'the cat'. | ||
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Though this might feel unfamiliar at first, usually no articles are needed to get the meaning across. | Though this might feel unfamiliar at first, usually no articles are needed to get the meaning across. | ||
- | Should you on occasional really feel the need to make it clear that something not yet known is meant (' | + | Should you on occasional really feel the need to make it clear that something not yet known is meant (' |
Should you feel to need to make it clear that something is already known and identifiable, | Should you feel to need to make it clear that something is already known and identifiable, | ||
- | **Kat li side ni sima ta yane.** – The cat sat on a that roof / the roof (over there). | + | **Kat li side ni sima ta cat.** – The cat sat on a that roof / the roof (over there). |
However, such needs will probably arrive rarer than you might think at first. | However, such needs will probably arrive rarer than you might think at first. | ||
- | ===== Quantifiers and selectors | + | ===== Determiners |
- | **Quantifiers** express | + | **Determiners** give information about how many, how much, or which entities the phrase that follows refer to. In Lugamun, most determiners can be used with verbs as well as with nouns – but in this section we will cover their meaning before nouns. They always precede the word to which they refer. |
- | //Note:// The decision to place quantifiers before the noun follows Indonesian. It allows placing cardinal numbers before the noun and ordinal numbers after it. | + | In Lugamun, two types of determiners can be distinguished. |
- | Cardinal numbers such as **un** ' | + | |
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Lugamun' | ||
- | * **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very | ||
- | * **malo** – few, little | ||
- | * **xie** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of) | ||
* **no** – no | * **no** – no | ||
* **ol** – all (the), the whole of, completely, fully | * **ol** – all (the), the whole of, completely, fully | ||
+ | * **xi** – indeed. This doesn' | ||
* **yo** – plurality indicator that can be used if plurality is important and not already indicates in any other way – indicates that two or more individuals or items are meant: **yo kat** – '(the) cats'. | * **yo** – plurality indicator that can be used if plurality is important and not already indicates in any other way – indicates that two or more individuals or items are meant: **yo kat** – '(the) cats'. | ||
+ | * **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very | ||
+ | * **malo** – few, little | ||
+ | * **xye** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of) | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first four quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" | ||
- | The first three quantifiers | + | **Xi** and **no** |
XXX Translate samples showing how these quantifiers can be used: | XXX Translate samples showing how these quantifiers can be used: | ||
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* for **no**: No man is an island | * for **no**: No man is an island | ||
* for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone. | * for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone. | ||
- | * for **xie**: Some pupils didn't show up. | + | * for **xye**: Some pupils didn't show up. |
- | **ol** can be followed by a number to express | + | Numbers such as **un** 'one', **do** 'two', **tri** ' |
- | XXX Trans: All three restaurants in this stress are excellent. | + | **Ol** can be followed by a number to express 'all of the given quantity', |
- | **Selectors** indicate to which individuals a noun phrases refers: | + | XXX Trans: All three restaurants in this street are excellent. |
+ | |||
+ | Lugamun' | ||
* **si** – this, these. This refers to things or persons that are nearby (physically or conceptually). | * **si** – this, these. This refers to things or persons that are nearby (physically or conceptually). | ||
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* **sama** – same | * **sama** – same | ||
- | The last two selectors (**otra** and **sama**) are also called " | + | The last two selectors (**otra** and **sama**) are also called " |
XXX Translate samples: | XXX Translate samples: | ||
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* for **sama**: ? | * for **sama**: ? | ||
- | Like most quantifiers, | + | Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, |
- | + | ||
- | **Ti li miru ta?** – Did you see that? | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, | + | |
XXX Translate samples: | XXX Translate samples: | ||
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XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present: | XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present: | ||
- | * specific/ | + | * specific/ |
* general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada | * general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada | ||
- | * broad/long quantifiers (malo, | + | * broad/long quantifiers (malo, |
* identity selectors: otra, sama | * identity selectors: otra, sama | ||
- | A long quantifier may be followed by a (rounded) number, e.g. **ingi mil** – 'a few thousand' | + | A long quantifier may be followed by a (rounded) number, e.g. **malo mil** – 'a few thousand' |
- | Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier adverb, hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' | + | XXX Explain better and more consistently how selectors are used " |
- | Other quantifiers may likewise be used as advers, e.g. **xie** somewhat. | + | Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier before other words (verbs, adjectives or adverbs), hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' |
+ | |||
+ | Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xye** 'somewhat'. | ||
(XXX Probably don't allow/ | (XXX Probably don't allow/ | ||
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* **malo si** – few of these) | * **malo si** – few of these) | ||
- | //Note:// We place quantifiers and selectors | + | //Note:// We place determiners |
- | Except for **no** and **yo**, all quantifiers can also be used standalone as **pronouns**, | + | Except for **no** and **yo**, all quantifiers can also be used standalone as **pronouns**, |
XXX Translate examples: | XXX Translate examples: | ||
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XXX Trans: 'She liked none of her gifts' | XXX Trans: 'She liked none of her gifts' | ||
- | Quantifiers | + | Like most quantifiers, |
+ | |||
+ | **Ti li miru ta?** – Did you see that? | ||
+ | |||
+ | Determiners can be used in front of arbitrary nouns. Among the nouns they are most commonly used with are **jen** 'human being, person' | ||
* **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences) | * **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences) | ||
* **malo jen** – (a) few people | * **malo jen** – (a) few people | ||
- | * **xie jen** – some people, several people | + | * **xye jen** – some people, several people |
* **ingi jen** – many people | * **ingi jen** – many people | ||
* **ol jen** – everyone, everybody | * **ol jen** – everyone, everybody | ||
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* **kada jen** – each one, each person | * **kada jen** – each one, each person | ||
- | The quantifiers | + | They are also frequently combined with **xos** ' |
- | 115; APiCS 102): | + | |
* **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences) | * **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences) | ||
* **malo xos** – (a) few things | * **malo xos** – (a) few things | ||
- | * **xie xos** – some things, several things | + | * **xye xos** – some things, several things |
* **ingi xos** – many things | * **ingi xos** – many things | ||
* **ol xos** – everything | * **ol xos** – everything | ||
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**yo Molina** – the Molinas/the Molina family | **yo Molina** – the Molinas/the Molina family | ||
- | All quantifiers can also be used as [[adverbs#Quantifier adverbs|adverbs]]. | + | XXX Explain how determiners are used before other words (verbs, adjectives, |
===== Modifier words ===== | ===== Modifier words ===== | ||
- | Nouns and verbs can be placed after a noun, modifying the meaning of the main noun. Often such combinations have a more or less idiomatic meaning that's listed in the dictionary, e.g. **yumi sora** ' | + | Nouns and verbs can be placed after a noun, modifying the meaning of the main noun. Often such combinations have a more or less idiomatic meaning that's listed in the dictionary, e.g. **kaus sora** ' |
Even if not explicitly listed, the named of animal species and similar groups can be used as such **modifier words** in expressions such as **kulin kat** 'cat food' or **haki jen** 'human right(s)' | Even if not explicitly listed, the named of animal species and similar groups can be used as such **modifier words** in expressions such as **kulin kat** 'cat food' or **haki jen** 'human right(s)' | ||
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**haki jen = haki de jen** – right(s) of human(s) = human right(s)\\ | **haki jen = haki de jen** – right(s) of human(s) = human right(s)\\ | ||
**kulin kat = kulin a kat** – food for cat(s) = cat food\\ | **kulin kat = kulin a kat** – food for cat(s) = cat food\\ | ||
- | **yumi sora = yumi ni sora** – bow in the sky = rainbow | + | **kaus sora = kaus ni sora** – bow in the sky = rainbow |
- | If the modifier is a verb, the main word and the modifier can be considered as having the phrase | + | If the modifier is a verb, the main word and the modifier can be considered as having the selector |
- | **jen safiri = jen ke i safiri** – person who travels = traveler | + | **jen safiri = jen ke safiri** – person who travels = traveler |
- | More on modifier words can be found in the section on [[word formation# | + | More on modifier words can be found in the section on [[word formation# |
===== Adjectives ===== | ===== Adjectives ===== | ||
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Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first. | Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first. | ||
- | **wanita inglis | + | **wanita inglis |
In this case, ' | In this case, ' | ||
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**Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town. | **Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town. | ||
- | When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **e** ' | + | When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **wa** ' |
- | **wanita inda e [intelligent]** – a beautiful and intelligent woman | + | **wanita inda wa daki** – a beautiful and intelligent woman |
- | If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **e** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise. | + | If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **wa** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise. |
- | **wanita inda, [intelligent] e [rich]** – a beautiful, intelligent, | + | **wanita inda, daki wa tari** – a beautiful, intelligent, |
Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** ' | Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** ' | ||
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XXX The following is likely obsolete – better find another (new?) particle to use here. | XXX The following is likely obsolete – better find another (new?) particle to use here. | ||
- | While adjectives typically follow nouns, they can also be used after **ke** 'that, who(m), which' | + | While adjectives typically follow nouns, they can also be used after the impersonal pronoun |
- | **Mi [want] ke hara.** – I want the green one.\\ | + | **Mi yau yan hara.** – I want the green one.\\ |
- | **Ke gran i [look] | + | **Yan gran xyende |
- | **Tina | + | **Tina [drive car] lal, [while] mi [drive] |
- | //Note:// Most languages allow adjectives to be used without noun and without any marking (WALS 61). This works well in languages with articles, such as Spanish (//Quiero el verde// – 'I want the green one'), but without articles it could be ambiguous and hard to understand. The next most frequent option is to have such adjectives marked by a preceding word, which therefore seems preferable. In adopting the relative clause marker **ke** for this purpose we follow the Indonesian model. This solution doesn' | + | //Note:// Most languages allow adjectives to be used without noun and without any marking (WALS 61). This works well in languages with articles, such as Spanish (//Quiero el verde// – 'I want the green one'), but without articles it could be ambiguous and hard to understand. The next most frequent option is to have such adjectives marked by a preceding word, which therefore seems preferable. |
===== Possessive noun phrases ===== | ===== Possessive noun phrases ===== |
en/grammar/noun_phrases.txt · Last modified: 2022-11-14 19:59 by christian