Differences

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--- en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-05-02 12:34] – Update changed words christian
+++ en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-11-14 19:59] (current) – awan -> avan christian
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
   * **no** – no
   * **ol** – all (the), the whole of, completely, fully
+  * **xi** – indeed. This doesn't really change the quantity, it just puts stress on the noun phrase and emphasizes that something is indeed, truly the case or that it's really the mentioned participant who is involved in the specified act.
   * **yo** – plurality indicator that can be used if plurality is important and not already indicates in any other way – indicates that two or more individuals or items are meant: **yo kat** – '(the) cats'.
   * **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very
   * **malo** – few, little
-  * **xie** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of)
+  * **xye** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of)
-The first three quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" (with just two letters), while the last three are "long quantifiers" (with three or more letters). This distinction is relevant when it comes to the order of determiners within a noun phrase.
+The first four quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" (with just two letters), while the last three are "long quantifiers" (with three or more letters). This distinction is relevant when it comes to the order of determiners within a noun phrase.
+**Xi** and **no** are also used to reply to yes/no questions – in this context they are usually translated as 'yes' and 'no'. And they are used as the positive and negative form of a verb known as //copula//, as will be discussed [[verb phrases#the copula|later]].
 XXX Translate samples showing how these quantifiers can be used:
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
   * for **no**: No man is an island
   * for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone.
-  * for **xie**: Some pupils didn't show up.
+  * for **xye**: Some pupils didn't show up.
 Numbers such as **un** 'one', **do** 'two', **tri** 'three' can be considered quantifiers when placed before a noun – they will be covered in a [[Numbers|later chapter]].
@@ Line 85: / Line 88: @@
 XXX Translate samples:
-  * **awan ta** – that cloud
+  * **avan ta** – that cloud
   * **si do ruma** – these two houses
   * for **ke**: ?
@@ Line 94: / Line 97: @@
   * for **sama**: ?
-Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, xie, ingi, yo** as well as with numbers. In such combinations, they are usually placed after **yo** (which, if present, always opens the noun phrase) but before other quantifiers.
+Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, xye, ingi, yo** as well as with numbers. In such combinations, they are usually placed after **yo** (which, if present, always opens the noun phrase) but before other quantifiers.
 XXX Translate samples:
@@ Line 105: / Line 108: @@
 XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present:
-  * specific/short quantifiers: no, ol, yo
+  * specific/short quantifiers: no, ol, xi, yo
   * general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada
-  * broad/long quantifiers (malo, xie, ingi) + numbers
+  * broad/long quantifiers (malo, xye, ingi) + numbers
   * identity selectors: otra, sama
@@ Line 116: / Line 119: @@
 Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier before other words (verbs, adjectives or adverbs), hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' or **ingi ingi** 'very many, a very high number of' may occur.
-Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xie** somewhat.
+Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xye** 'somewhat'.
 (XXX Probably don't allow/encourage this, as it could be confusing – Other deviations might be read with a **de** between them:
@@ Line 149: / Line 152: @@
   * **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences)
   * **malo jen** – (a) few people
-  * **xie jen** – some people, several people
+  * **xye jen** – some people, several people
   * **ingi jen** – many people
   * **ol jen** – everyone, everybody
@@ Line 161: / Line 164: @@
   * **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences)
   * **malo xos** – (a) few things
-  * **xie xos** – some things, several things
+  * **xye xos** – some things, several things
   * **ingi xos** – many things
   * **ol xos** – everything
@@ Line 171: / Line 174: @@
 Note that when the subject or object of a clause is negated, the verb is negated as well – **eni** is not used in negated sentences:
-**Mi li no miru no jen.** – I didn't see anyone.
+**Mi no li miru no jen.** – I didn't see anyone.
 Note that the absence of quantifiers does not mean that just one entity is meant. **kat** may mean 'a/the cat' or '(the) cats', depending on context. If you want to unambiguously express the idea of just one cat, say **un kat**; if you want to express that there are two or more, say **yo kat** (or use another suitable quantifier).
@@ Line 206: / Line 209: @@
 **jen safiri = jen ke safiri** – person who travels = traveler
-More on modifier words can be found in the section on [[word formation#spaced compounds]].
+More on modifier words can be found in the section on [[word formation#spaced nouns]].
 ===== Adjectives =====
@@ Line 218: / Line 221: @@
 Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first.
-**wanita inglis [intelligent]** – an intelligent English woman
+**ona inglis daki** – an intelligent English woman
 In this case, 'English' is considered more specific than 'intelligent', since there are many different nationalities, while intelligence is a general property that's more or less strongly present in every person.
@@ Line 226: / Line 229: @@
 **Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town.
-When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **wa** 'and' is placed between them.
+When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **va** 'and' is placed between them.
-**wanita inda wa [intelligent]** – a beautiful and intelligent woman
+**ona inda va daki** – a beautiful and intelligent woman
-If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **wa** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise.
+If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **va** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise.
-**wanita inda, [intelligent] wa tari** – a beautiful, intelligent, and rich woman
+**ona inda, daki va tari** – a beautiful, intelligent, and rich woman
 Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** 'of'.
@@ Line 247: / Line 250: @@
 **Mi yau yan hara.** – I want the green one.\\
-**Yan gran xiende hau.** – The big one looks good.\\
+**Yan gran xyende hau.** – The big one looks good.\\
 **Tina [drive car] lal, [while] mi [drive] yan blu.** – Tina drives a red car, while I drive a blue one.
@@ Line 261: / Line 264: @@
 relationship of belonging.
-**mama de wanita** – the woman's mother
+**mama de ona** – the woman's mother