en:grammar:noun_phrases
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en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-05-19 17:13] – [Modifier words] christian | en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-11-14 19:59] (current) – awan -> avan christian | ||
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* **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very | * **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very | ||
* **malo** – few, little | * **malo** – few, little | ||
- | * **xie** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of) | + | * **xye** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of) |
The first four quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" | The first four quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" | ||
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* for **no**: No man is an island | * for **no**: No man is an island | ||
* for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone. | * for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone. | ||
- | * for **xie**: Some pupils didn't show up. | + | * for **xye**: Some pupils didn't show up. |
Numbers such as **un** ' | Numbers such as **un** ' | ||
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XXX Translate samples: | XXX Translate samples: | ||
- | * **awan ta** – that cloud | + | * **avan ta** – that cloud |
* **si do ruma** – these two houses | * **si do ruma** – these two houses | ||
* for **ke**: ? | * for **ke**: ? | ||
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* for **sama**: ? | * for **sama**: ? | ||
- | Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, | + | Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, |
XXX Translate samples: | XXX Translate samples: | ||
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XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present: | XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present: | ||
- | * specific/ | + | * specific/ |
* general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada | * general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada | ||
- | * broad/long quantifiers (malo, | + | * broad/long quantifiers (malo, |
* identity selectors: otra, sama | * identity selectors: otra, sama | ||
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Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier before other words (verbs, adjectives or adverbs), hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' | Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier before other words (verbs, adjectives or adverbs), hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' | ||
- | Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xie** somewhat. | + | Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xye** 'somewhat'. |
(XXX Probably don't allow/ | (XXX Probably don't allow/ | ||
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* **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences) | * **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences) | ||
* **malo jen** – (a) few people | * **malo jen** – (a) few people | ||
- | * **xie jen** – some people, several people | + | * **xye jen** – some people, several people |
* **ingi jen** – many people | * **ingi jen** – many people | ||
* **ol jen** – everyone, everybody | * **ol jen** – everyone, everybody | ||
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* **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences) | * **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences) | ||
* **malo xos** – (a) few things | * **malo xos** – (a) few things | ||
- | * **xie xos** – some things, several things | + | * **xye xos** – some things, several things |
* **ingi xos** – many things | * **ingi xos** – many things | ||
* **ol xos** – everything | * **ol xos** – everything | ||
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Note that when the subject or object of a clause is negated, the verb is negated as well – **eni** is not used in negated sentences: | Note that when the subject or object of a clause is negated, the verb is negated as well – **eni** is not used in negated sentences: | ||
- | **Mi li no miru no jen.** – I didn't see anyone. | + | **Mi no li miru no jen.** – I didn't see anyone. |
Note that the absence of quantifiers does not mean that just one entity is meant. **kat** may mean 'a/the cat' or '(the) cats', depending on context. If you want to unambiguously express the idea of just one cat, say **un kat**; if you want to express that there are two or more, say **yo kat** (or use another suitable quantifier). | Note that the absence of quantifiers does not mean that just one entity is meant. **kat** may mean 'a/the cat' or '(the) cats', depending on context. If you want to unambiguously express the idea of just one cat, say **un kat**; if you want to express that there are two or more, say **yo kat** (or use another suitable quantifier). | ||
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Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first. | Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first. | ||
- | **wanita | + | **ona inglis daki** – an intelligent English woman |
In this case, ' | In this case, ' | ||
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**Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town. | **Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town. | ||
- | When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **wa** ' | + | When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **va** ' |
- | **wanita | + | **ona inda va daki** – a beautiful and intelligent woman |
- | If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **wa** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise. | + | If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **va** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise. |
- | **wanita | + | **ona inda, daki va tari** – a beautiful, intelligent, |
Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** ' | Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** ' | ||
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**Mi yau yan hara.** – I want the green one.\\ | **Mi yau yan hara.** – I want the green one.\\ | ||
- | **Yan gran xiende | + | **Yan gran xyende |
**Tina [drive car] lal, [while] mi [drive] yan blu.** – Tina drives a red car, while I drive a blue one. | **Tina [drive car] lal, [while] mi [drive] yan blu.** – Tina drives a red car, while I drive a blue one. | ||
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relationship of belonging. | relationship of belonging. | ||
- | **mama de wanita** – the woman' | + | **mama de ona** – the woman' |
en/grammar/noun_phrases.1652973201.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022-05-19 17:13 by christian