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en:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-05-19 17:13] – [Modifier words] christianen:grammar:noun_phrases [2022-11-14 19:59] (current) – awan -> avan christian
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   * **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very   * **ingi** – many, much, a lot, very
   * **malo** – few, little   * **malo** – few, little
-  * **xie** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of)+  * **xye** – some (a certain, not exactly specified part or proportion of)
  
 The first four quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" (with just two letters), while the last three are "long quantifiers" (with three or more letters). This distinction is relevant when it comes to the order of determiners within a noun phrase. The first four quantifiers are also called "short quantifiers" (with just two letters), while the last three are "long quantifiers" (with three or more letters). This distinction is relevant when it comes to the order of determiners within a noun phrase.
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   * for **no**: No man is an island   * for **no**: No man is an island
   * for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone.   * for **ol**: All my friends hate her. All visitors must register in advance. We were all alone.
-  * for **xie**: Some pupils didn't show up.+  * for **xye**: Some pupils didn't show up.
  
 Numbers such as **un** 'one', **do** 'two', **tri** 'three' can be considered quantifiers when placed before a noun – they will be covered in a [[Numbers|later chapter]]. Numbers such as **un** 'one', **do** 'two', **tri** 'three' can be considered quantifiers when placed before a noun – they will be covered in a [[Numbers|later chapter]].
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 XXX Translate samples: XXX Translate samples:
  
-  * **awan ta** – that cloud+  * **avan ta** – that cloud
   * **si do ruma** – these two houses   * **si do ruma** – these two houses
   * for **ke**: ?   * for **ke**: ?
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   * for **sama**: ?   * for **sama**: ?
  
-Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, xie, ingi, yo** as well as with numbers. In such combinations, they are usually placed after **yo** (which, if present, always opens the noun phrase) but before other quantifiers.+Since **eni** and **aru** refer to subgroups rather than expressing quantities, they can be combined with the quantifiers **malo, xye, ingi, yo** as well as with numbers. In such combinations, they are usually placed after **yo** (which, if present, always opens the noun phrase) but before other quantifiers.
  
 XXX Translate samples: XXX Translate samples:
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 XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present: XXX Order – usually at most one element of each group is present:
  
-  * specific/short quantifiers: no, ol, yo+  * specific/short quantifiers: no, ol, xi, yo
   * general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada   * general selectors: si, ta, ke, eni, aru, kada
-  * broad/long quantifiers (malo, xie, ingi) + numbers+  * broad/long quantifiers (malo, xye, ingi) + numbers
   * identity selectors: otra, sama   * identity selectors: otra, sama
  
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 Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier before other words (verbs, adjectives or adverbs), hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' or **ingi ingi** 'very many, a very high number of' may occur. Note that especially **ingi** is also used as an intensifier before other words (verbs, adjectives or adverbs), hence combinations such as **malo ingi** 'very few, very little' or **ingi ingi** 'very many, a very high number of' may occur.
  
-Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xie** somewhat.+Other quantifiers may likewise be used before verbs and other words, e.g. **xye** 'somewhat'.
  
 (XXX Probably don't allow/encourage this, as it could be confusing – Other deviations might be read with a **de** between them: (XXX Probably don't allow/encourage this, as it could be confusing – Other deviations might be read with a **de** between them:
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   * **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences)   * **no jen** – no one, nobody, anyone, anybody (in negated sentences)
   * **malo jen** – (a) few people   * **malo jen** – (a) few people
-  * **xie jen** – some people, several people+  * **xye jen** – some people, several people
   * **ingi jen** – many people   * **ingi jen** – many people
   * **ol jen** – everyone, everybody   * **ol jen** – everyone, everybody
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   * **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences)   * **no xos** – nothing, anything (in negated sentences)
   * **malo xos** – (a) few things   * **malo xos** – (a) few things
-  * **xie xos** – some things, several things+  * **xye xos** – some things, several things
   * **ingi xos** – many things   * **ingi xos** – many things
   * **ol xos** – everything   * **ol xos** – everything
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 Note that when the subject or object of a clause is negated, the verb is negated as well – **eni** is not used in negated sentences: Note that when the subject or object of a clause is negated, the verb is negated as well – **eni** is not used in negated sentences:
  
-**Mi li no miru no jen.** – I didn't see anyone.+**Mi no li miru no jen.** – I didn't see anyone.
  
 Note that the absence of quantifiers does not mean that just one entity is meant. **kat** may mean 'a/the cat' or '(the) cats', depending on context. If you want to unambiguously express the idea of just one cat, say **un kat**; if you want to express that there are two or more, say **yo kat** (or use another suitable quantifier). Note that the absence of quantifiers does not mean that just one entity is meant. **kat** may mean 'a/the cat' or '(the) cats', depending on context. If you want to unambiguously express the idea of just one cat, say **un kat**; if you want to express that there are two or more, say **yo kat** (or use another suitable quantifier).
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 Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first. Several adjectives can follow the same noun. The most specific adjective is usually placed first.
  
-**wanita inglis daki** – an intelligent English woman+**ona inglis daki** – an intelligent English woman
  
 In this case, 'English' is considered more specific than 'intelligent', since there are many different nationalities, while intelligence is a general property that's more or less strongly present in every person. In this case, 'English' is considered more specific than 'intelligent', since there are many different nationalities, while intelligence is a general property that's more or less strongly present in every person.
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 **Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town. **Ya xi [doctor] hau sola ni [town].** – She's the only good doctor in town.
  
-When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **wa** 'and' is placed between them.+When two adjectives are considered similarly specific, a comma or a conjunction such as **va** 'and' is placed between them.
  
-**wanita inda wa daki** – a beautiful and intelligent woman+**ona inda va daki** – a beautiful and intelligent woman
  
-If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **wa** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise.+If there are three or more such adjectives in a row, **va** is usually only used between the last two of them, while a comma is used otherwise.
  
-**wanita inda, daki wa tari** – a beautiful, intelligent, and rich woman+**ona inda, daki va tari** – a beautiful, intelligent, and rich woman
  
 Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** 'of'. Note that each adjective refers to the nearest noun to the left of it. This is still the case if a noun phrase is attached to another noun phrase using a preposition such as **de** 'of'.
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 **Mi yau yan hara.** – I want the green one.\\ **Mi yau yan hara.** – I want the green one.\\
-**Yan gran xiende hau.** – The big one looks good.\\+**Yan gran xyende hau.** – The big one looks good.\\
 **Tina [drive car] lal, [while] mi [drive] yan blu.** – Tina drives a red car, while I drive a blue one. **Tina [drive car] lal, [while] mi [drive] yan blu.** – Tina drives a red car, while I drive a blue one.
  
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 relationship of belonging. relationship of belonging.
  
-**mama de wanita** – the woman's mother+**mama de ona** – the woman's mother
en/grammar/noun_phrases.1652973201.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022-05-19 17:13 by christian

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