en:grammar:pronouns
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revisionLast revisionBoth sides next revision | ||
en:grammar:pronouns [2022-11-14 22:03] – w -> v christian | en:grammar:pronouns [2023-01-15 11:06] – Rewrite section on reflexive pronouns christian | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | ||
- | ^ Singular | + | ^ Singular |
| **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | | **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | ||
| **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | | **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | ||
| **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | | **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | ||
| **it** – it | ::: | | | **it** – it | ::: | | ||
- | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, | + | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, |
These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | ||
Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ||
- | Placing **de** ' | + | The **possessive** |
- | **mama (de) mi** – my mother\\ | + | ^ Singular |
- | **kat (de) ya** – her/his cat\\ | + | | **mis** – my, mine | **nasi** – our, ours | |
- | **ruma (de) le** – their house | + | | **tis** – your, yours (sg.) | **tumi** – your, yours (pl.) | |
+ | | **yas** – his, her | **les** – their, theirs | ||
+ | | **iti** – its | ::: | | ||
+ | | **oni** – one's, your (impersonal, | ||
- | Alternatively, | + | Possessive pronouns are always placed |
- | **mi ki mama** – my mother\\ | + | **mis mama** – my mother\\ |
- | **ya ki kat** – her/his cat\\ | + | **yas kat** – her/his cat\\ |
- | **le ki ruma** – their house | + | **les ruma** – their house |
- | When a possessive | + | Instead of these separate |
- | **Si buku xi de ti.** – This book is yours. | + | **mama de mi / mi ki mama** – my mother |
- | (**Si buku xi ti** would mean 'This book is your', which would be odd.) | + | Possessive pronouns can also be used standalone, without a subsequent noun. This is the case when they are used as // |
- | In such cases, | + | **Si buku (xi) tis.** – This book is yours.\\ |
+ | **Ta kuni ga ban mis!** – That country will become mine! | ||
- | If a noun was mentioned just recently | + | In such cases, the noun and the possessive |
- | **Ti ha kamar (de) ti, va mi ha yan (de) mi.** – You have your room and I have mine.\\ | + | Alternatively, standalone possessive pronoun can also refer back to the last recently used noun, sparing the need to explicitly repeat that noun. |
- | Sometimes noun phrases contain embedded [[prepositions|prepositional phrases]], such as **bina cien**, which means ' | + | **Ti ha tis kamar, va mi ha mis.** – You have your room and I have mine [= my room].\\ |
- | **On nide [attention] bina cien de ti.** – Your immediate attention | + | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns can be (and typically are) omitted when the context makes the situation of possession reasonably clear. This is especially the case when referring to one's own relatives, body parts, cloths and similar things one wears on one's body, e.g. 'her sister, my teeth, his cloak' etc. Likewise they may be used once but are subsequently omitted in cases such as 'my car'. |
- | If **ki** is not left " | + | // |
- | **Ti ha ti ki kamar, va mi ha mi ki yan.** – You have your room and I have mine.\\ | + | ===== The reflexive pronouns “sin” |
- | **On nide ti ki [attention] bina cien.** – Your immediate attention is needed. | + | |
- | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns can be (and typically are) omitted when the context makes the situation of possession reasonably clear. This is especially the case when referring to one' | + | In the first and second person |
+ | |||
+ | **Mi miru mi ni mis mira** – I see myself in my mirror.\\ | ||
+ | **Tum ga laki tumi yo hain ta ples.** – You will find your possessions over there. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In such cases, it' | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, the third person (**ya, it, le, on**) is used for a much wider set of people | ||
- | ===== The reflexive and intensifying pronoun “sem” ===== | + | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a sin, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear!" |
- | The pronoun | + | Here the rabbit talks to itself (**sin**). On the other hand, if a different pronoun such as **ya** |
- | **Ya [like] miru sem ni mira.** – He/She likes to watch himself/ | + | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a ya, " |
- | **Ya sun to rabit xvo a sem, " | + | |
- | **Sem** is never used as possessive pronoun. Instead, the regular pronouns are used in such cases. | + | In this case, the rabbit talks not to itself, but to someone else. Only the context can reveal to whom. In the example sentence it seems likely that it's talking to Alice, since she's the least recently mentioned person matching the pronoun |
- | **Man nomu bir ya.** – The man drinks his beer.\\ | + | **Sini** is the possessive form of **sin**, used in the third person to express that something belongs to the subject: |
- | **Mi no bisa laki [key] mi.** – I can't find my key.\\ | + | |
- | If used after a noun phrase or another pronoun, | + | **Man nomu sini bir.** – The man drinks his beer. //(his own beer)// |
- | **Mi sem ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | + | If another third-person possessive pronoun (**yas, iti** or **les**) is used instead, this indicates that something belong to //another// third person, not to the subject themselves. For example: |
- | **[President] sem li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/himself has paid us a visit!\\ | + | |
- | **Nas li miru maraji sem!** – We have seen the king himself! | + | |
- | //Note: Intensifiers | + | **Ona li kaixu side ni byen man va toma yas bir.** – The women sat down next to the man and took his beer. |
- | When combined with a possessive pronoun or a possessive noun phrase (**sem de ...** or **... ki sem**), **sem** stresses | + | Here **yas** indicates that the beer doesn' |
- | **Mi yau ruma sem mi!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\ | + | Note: Don't confuse the pronoun |
- | **Ta xi [car] sem de [boss] mi. / Ta xi [boss] mi ki sem [car].** – That's my boss's own car. | + | |
+ | // |
en/grammar/pronouns.txt · Last modified: 2023-01-16 12:55 by christian