en:grammar:pronouns
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en:grammar:pronouns [2022-04-02 12:45] – [Possessive pronouns] christian | en:grammar:pronouns [2023-01-16 12:55] (current) – [The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini”] Mention "oni" christian | ||
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Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | ||
- | ^ Singular | + | ^ Singular |
- | | **mi** – I | + | | **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us |
- | | **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | + | | **ti** – you (sg.) |
- | | **ya** – he, she | + | | **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | |
- | | **it** – it | ::: | | + | | **it** – it | ::: | |
- | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, | + | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, |
+ | |||
+ | These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | ||
In the third person singular, **it** is only used for inanimate things (objects of any kind, ideas and concepts) and for plants, while **ya** is used for animals, people, and other intelligent beings (such as aliens or intelligent robots in science-fiction). In the plural, no such distinction is made (just as in English). | In the third person singular, **it** is only used for inanimate things (objects of any kind, ideas and concepts) and for plants, while **ya** is used for animals, people, and other intelligent beings (such as aliens or intelligent robots in science-fiction). In the plural, no such distinction is made (just as in English). | ||
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**On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | **On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | ||
- | **On xuo o lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ | + | **On xvo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ |
- | **On ba no debe [judge] bina tu jidau o yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' | + | **On no ba debe [judge] bina tu jixi yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' |
- | + | ||
- | When used as direct object, the pronouns are preceded by the object preposition **o**, like any other object. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^ Singular | + | |
- | | **o mi** – me | **o nas** – us | | + | |
- | | **o ti** – you (sg.) | **o tum** – you (pl.) | | + | |
- | | **o ya** – him, her | **o le** – them | | + | |
- | | **o it** – it | ::: | | + | |
- | | **o on** – one, you (impersonal, | + | |
//Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | //Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | ||
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===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ||
- | Placing | + | The **possessive** forms of pronouns express that something belongs in some way to the entity specified by the pronoun. In Lugamun they are formed by adding **-s** if the base pronoun ends in a vowel, **-i** if it ends in a consonant. This results in the following set of possessive pronouns: |
+ | |||
+ | ^ Singular | ||
+ | | **mis** – my, mine | **nasi** – our, ours | | ||
+ | | **tis** – your, yours (sg.) | **tumi** – your, yours (pl.) | | ||
+ | | **yas** – his, her | **les** – their, theirs | ||
+ | | **iti** – its | ::: | | ||
+ | | **oni** – one's, your (impersonal, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Possessive pronouns are always placed before the noun to which they refer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **mis mama** – my mother\\ | ||
+ | **yas kat** – her/his cat\\ | ||
+ | **les ruma** – their house | ||
+ | |||
+ | Instead of these separate possessive forms, one can also use the base form preceded by the preposition **de** or followed by the postposition **ki**, though this is less common. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **mama de mi / mi ki mama** – my mother | ||
+ | |||
+ | Possessive | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Si buku (xi) tis.** – This book is yours.\\ | ||
+ | **Ta kuni ga ban mis!** – That country will become mine! | ||
+ | |||
+ | In such cases, the noun and the possessive pronoun are connected through [[verb phrases#the copula]] **xi** or another [[verb phrases# | ||
+ | |||
+ | Alternatively, | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Ti ha tis kamar, va mi ha mis.** – You have your room and I have mine [= my room].\\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns | ||
+ | |||
+ | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini” ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the first and second person (with **mi, nas, ti, tum**, and their possessive forms), the regular pronouns are also used to refer back to the subject. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Mi miru mi ni mis mira** – I see myself in my mirror.\\ | ||
+ | **Tum ga laki tumi yo hain ta ples.** – You will find your possessions over there. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In such cases, it's always clear who the person(s) in question are, so the normal pronouns can be used without any risk of confusion. | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, the third person (**ya, it, le, on**) is used for a much wider set of people and things – for anybody and anything that's not ' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a sin, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear!" | ||
- | **mama mi** – my mother\\ | + | Here the rabbit talks to itself (**sin**). On the other hand, if a different pronoun such as **ya** |
- | **kat ya** – her/his cat\\ | + | |
- | **ruma le** – their house | + | |
- | Independent possessive pronouns (without a preceding noun phrase) are formed by placing the impersonal pronoun | + | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a ya, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to her, "Oh dear!" |
- | **Si buku i yan ti.** – This book is yours.\\ | + | In this case, the rabbit talks not to itself, but to someone else. Only the context can reveal to whom. In the example sentence it seems likely that it's talking to Alice, since she's the least recently mentioned person matching the pronoun |
- | **Ti punya o kamar ti e mi punya o yan mi.** – You have your room and I have mine. | + | |
- | XXX Explain that possessive | + | **Sini** is the possessive |
- | ===== The intensifier “sem” ===== | + | **Man nomu sini bir.** – The man drinks his beer. //(his own beer)// |
- | XXX Update this section, since **sem** is now also used as reflexive pronoun and it may no longer be used for ' | + | If another third-person possessive pronoun (**yas, iti, les**, or **oni**) |
- | Usually pronouns aren't followed by any adjectives. An exception is the intensifier | + | **Ona li kaixu side ni byen man va toma yas bir.** – The women sat down next to the man and took his beer. |
- | **Mi sem ga fa o it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | + | Here **yas** indicates that the beer doesn't belong to the subject (**ona** – the woman), but to someone else – in this case, logically to the man. |
- | **[President] sem li [visit] o nas!** – The president herself/ | + | |
- | When used in front of a possessive | + | Note: Don't confuse the pronoun **sin** with the [[adverbs# |
- | **Mi yau o ruma sem mi!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\ | + | // |
- | **Ta i [car] sem de [boss] mi.** – That's my boss's own car. | + |
en/grammar/pronouns.1648896318.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022-04-02 12:45 by christian