en:grammar:pronouns
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en:grammar:pronouns [2022-05-03 12:22] – [Personal pronouns] christian | en:grammar:pronouns [2023-01-16 12:55] (current) – [The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini”] Mention "oni" christian | ||
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Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | ||
- | ^ Singular | + | ^ Singular |
| **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | | **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | ||
| **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | | **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | ||
| **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | | **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | ||
| **it** – it | ::: | | | **it** – it | ::: | | ||
- | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, | + | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, |
These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | ||
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**On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | **On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | ||
- | **On xuo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ | + | **On xvo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ |
- | **On ba no debe [judge] bina tu jidau yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' | + | **On no ba debe [judge] bina tu jixi yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' |
//Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | //Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | ||
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===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ||
- | Placing these pronouns | + | The **possessive** forms of pronouns |
- | **mama mi** – my mother\\ | + | ^ Singular |
- | **kat ya** – her/his cat\\ | + | | **mis** – my, mine | **nasi** – our, ours | |
- | **ruma le** – their house | + | | **tis** – your, yours (sg.) | **tumi** – your, yours (pl.) | |
+ | | **yas** – his, her | **les** – their, theirs | ||
+ | | **iti** – its | ::: | | ||
+ | | **oni** – one's, your (impersonal, | ||
- | Independent possessive | + | Possessive |
- | **Si buku xi yan ti.** – This book is yours.\\ | + | **mis mama** – my mother\\ |
- | **Ti habe kamar ti wa mi habe yan mi.** – You have your room and I have mine. | + | **yas kat** – her/his cat\\ |
+ | **les ruma** – their house | ||
- | XXX Explain that possessive | + | Instead of these separate |
- | ===== The intensifier “sem” ===== | + | **mama de mi / mi ki mama** – my mother |
- | XXX Update this section, since **sem** is now also used as reflexive pronoun and it may no longer | + | Possessive pronouns can also be used standalone, without a subsequent noun. This is the case when they are used as // |
- | Usually pronouns aren't followed by any adjectives. An exception | + | **Si buku (xi) tis.** – This book is yours.\\ |
+ | **Ta kuni ga ban mis!** – That country | ||
- | **Mi sem ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | + | In such cases, the noun and the possessive pronoun are connected through [[verb phrases#the copula]] |
- | **[President] sem li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/ | + | |
- | XXX Probably better use a separate word for this usage? | + | Alternatively, |
- | When used in front of a possessive pronoun | + | |
- | **Mi yau ruma sem mi!** – I want my own house! | + | **Ti ha tis kamar, va mi ha mis.** – You have your room and I have mine [= my room].\\ |
- | **Ta xi [car] sem de [boss] mi.** – That' | + | |
+ | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns can be (and typically are) omitted when the context makes the situation of possession reasonably clear. This is especially the case when referring to one' | ||
+ | |||
+ | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini” ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the first and second person (with **mi, nas, ti, tum**, and their possessive forms), the regular pronouns are also used to refer back to the subject. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Mi miru mi ni mis mira** – I see myself in my mirror.\\ | ||
+ | **Tum ga laki tumi yo hain ta ples.** – You will find your possessions over there. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In such cases, it's always clear who the person(s) in question are, so the normal pronouns can be used without any risk of confusion. | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, the third person (**ya, it, le, on**) is used for a much wider set of people and things – for anybody and anything that's not ' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a sin, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear!" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here the rabbit talks to itself (**sin**). On the other hand, if a different pronoun such as **ya** is used, this indicates that the rabbit talks to someone else: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a ya, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to her, "Oh dear!" | ||
+ | |||
+ | In this case, the rabbit talks not to itself, but to someone else. Only the context can reveal to whom. In the example sentence it seems likely that it' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Sini** is the possessive form of **sin**, used in the third person to express that something belongs to the subject: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Man nomu sini bir.** – The man drinks his beer. // | ||
+ | |||
+ | If another third-person possessive pronoun (**yas, iti, les**, or **oni**) is used instead, this indicates that something belong to //another// third person, not to the subject themselves. For example: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Ona li kaixu side ni byen man va toma yas bir.** – The women sat down next to the man and took his beer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here **yas** indicates that the beer doesn' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note: Don't confuse the pronoun **sin** with the [[adverbs# | ||
+ | |||
+ | // |
en/grammar/pronouns.1651573344.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022-05-03 12:22 by christian