en:grammar:pronouns
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en:grammar:pronouns [2022-05-16 18:27] – [Possessive pronouns] christian | en:grammar:pronouns [2023-01-16 12:55] (current) – [The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini”] Mention "oni" christian | ||
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Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | ||
- | ^ Singular | + | ^ Singular |
| **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | | **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | ||
| **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | | **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | ||
| **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | | **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | ||
| **it** – it | ::: | | | **it** – it | ::: | | ||
- | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, | + | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, |
These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | ||
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**On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | **On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | ||
- | **On xuo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ | + | **On xvo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ |
- | **On ba no debe [judge] bina tu jidau yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' | + | **On no ba debe [judge] bina tu jixi yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' |
//Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | //Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | ||
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===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ||
- | Placing **de** ' | + | The **possessive** |
- | **mama (de) mi** – my mother\\ | + | ^ Singular |
- | **kat (de) ya** – her/his cat\\ | + | | **mis** – my, mine | **nasi** – our, ours | |
- | **ruma (de) le** – their house | + | | **tis** – your, yours (sg.) | **tumi** – your, yours (pl.) | |
+ | | **yas** – his, her | **les** – their, theirs | ||
+ | | **iti** – its | ::: | | ||
+ | | **oni** – one's, your (impersonal, | ||
- | When a possessive pronoun is used as a // | + | Possessive pronouns are always placed before |
- | **Si buku xi de ti.** – This book is yours. | + | **mis mama** – my mother\\ |
+ | **yas kat** – her/his cat\\ | ||
+ | **les ruma** – their house | ||
- | (**Si buku xi ti** would mean 'This book is your', which would be odd.) | + | Instead of these separate possessive forms, one can also use the base form preceded by the preposition |
- | If a noun was mentioned just recently and one does not want to repeat it, one can use the impersonal pronoun **yan** '(the) one' as a placeholder. After this placeholder, | + | **mama de mi / mi ki mama** – my mother |
- | **Ti habe kamar (de) ti wa mi habe yan (de) mi.** – You have your room and I have mine. | + | Possessive pronouns can also be used standalone, without a subsequent noun. This is the case when they are used as // |
- | Sometimes noun phrases contain embedded [[prepositions|prepositional phrases]], such as **bina cien**, which means ' | + | **Si buku (xi) tis.** – This book is yours.\\ |
+ | **Ta kuni ga ban mis!** – That country will become mine! | ||
- | **On nide [attention] bina cien de ti.** – Your immediate attention is needed. | + | In such cases, the noun and the possessive pronoun are connected through [[verb phrases#the copula]] |
- | XXX Explain that possessive | + | Alternatively, |
- | ===== The intensifier “sem” ===== | + | **Ti ha tis kamar, va mi ha mis.** – You have your room and I have mine [= my room].\\ |
- | XXX Update this section, since **sem** | + | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns can be (and typically are) omitted when the context makes the situation of possession reasonably clear. This is especially the case when referring to one's own relatives, body parts, cloths |
- | Usually pronouns aren't followed by any adjectives. An exception is the intensifier **sem** '-self, own', which can be used after both nouns and pronouns. It means that the indicated person (or thing) will handle | + | // |
- | **Mi sem ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | + | ===== The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini” ===== |
- | **[President] sem li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/ | + | |
- | XXX Probably better use a separate word for this usage? | + | In the first and second person |
- | When used in front of a possessive pronoun or a possessive noun phrase | + | |
- | **Mi yau ruma sem mi!** – I want my own house! | + | **Mi miru mi ni mis mira** – I see myself in my mirror.\\ |
- | **Ta xi [car] sem de [boss] mi.** – That' | + | **Tum ga laki tumi yo hain ta ples.** – You will find your possessions over there. |
+ | |||
+ | In such cases, it's always clear who the person(s) in question are, so the normal pronouns can be used without any risk of confusion. | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, the third person (**ya, it, le, on**) is used for a much wider set of people and things – for anybody and anything that's not ' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a sin, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear!" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here the rabbit talks to itself (**sin**). On the other hand, if a different pronoun such as **ya** is used, this indicates that the rabbit talks to someone else: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a ya, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to her, "Oh dear!" | ||
+ | |||
+ | In this case, the rabbit talks not to itself, but to someone else. Only the context can reveal to whom. In the example sentence it seems likely that it' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Sini** is the possessive form of **sin**, used in the third person to express that something belongs to the subject: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Man nomu sini bir.** – The man drinks his beer. // | ||
+ | |||
+ | If another third-person possessive pronoun (**yas, iti, les**, or **oni**) is used instead, this indicates that something belong to //another// third person, not to the subject themselves. For example: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Ona li kaixu side ni byen man va toma yas bir.** – The women sat down next to the man and took his beer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here **yas** indicates that the beer doesn' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note: Don't confuse the pronoun **sin** with the [[adverbs# | ||
+ | |||
+ | // |
en/grammar/pronouns.1652718454.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022-05-16 18:27 by christian