en:grammar:pronouns
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en:grammar:pronouns [2022-06-26 13:40] – [Possessive pronouns] christian | en:grammar:pronouns [2023-01-16 12:55] (current) – [The reflexive pronouns “sin” and “sini”] Mention "oni" christian | ||
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Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | Lugamun uses the following personal pronouns. | ||
- | ^ Singular | + | ^ Singular |
| **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | | **mi** – I, me | **nas** – we, us | | ||
| **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | | **ti** – you (sg.) | **tum** – you (pl.) | | ||
| **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | | **ya** – he, she, him, her | **le** – they, them | | ||
| **it** – it | ::: | | | **it** – it | ::: | | ||
- | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, | + | | **on** – one, you (impersonal, |
These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | These pronouns are used both as subjects and as objects. Just as with nouns, one can use the optional subject and object markers to make a distinction, | ||
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**On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | **On** is used as a generic pronoun that can refer to any person or persons. In English, it is often translated as ' | ||
- | **On xwo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ | + | **On xvo lugamun si ples.** – One speaks Lugamun here. / Lugamun spoken here.\\ |
- | **On ba no debe [judge] bina tu jixi yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' | + | **On no ba debe [judge] bina tu jixi yo [fact].** – One / You shouldn' |
//Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | //Note:// The reasons for choosing this particular set of pronouns were as follows: | ||
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===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ===== Possessive pronouns ===== | ||
- | Placing **de** ' | + | The **possessive** |
- | **mama (de) mi** – my mother\\ | + | ^ Singular |
- | **kat (de) ya** – her/his cat\\ | + | | **mis** – my, mine | **nasi** – our, ours | |
- | **ruma (de) le** – their house | + | | **tis** – your, yours (sg.) | **tumi** – your, yours (pl.) | |
+ | | **yas** – his, her | **les** – their, theirs | ||
+ | | **iti** – its | ::: | | ||
+ | | **oni** – one's, your (impersonal, | ||
- | Alternatively, | + | Possessive pronouns are always placed |
- | **mi ki mama** – my mother\\ | + | **mis mama** – my mother\\ |
- | **ya ki kat** – her/his cat\\ | + | **yas kat** – her/his cat\\ |
- | **le ki ruma** – their house | + | **les ruma** – their house |
- | When a possessive | + | Instead of these separate |
- | **Si buku xi de ti.** – This book is yours. | + | **mama de mi / mi ki mama** – my mother |
- | (**Si buku xi ti** would mean 'This book is your', which would be odd.) | + | Possessive pronouns can also be used standalone, without a subsequent noun. This is the case when they are used as // |
- | In such cases, | + | **Si buku (xi) tis.** – This book is yours.\\ |
+ | **Ta kuni ga ban mis!** – That country will become mine! | ||
- | If a noun was mentioned just recently | + | In such cases, the noun and the possessive |
- | **Ti habe kamar (de) ti, wa mi habe yan (de) mi.** – You have your room and I have mine.\\ | + | Alternatively, standalone possessive pronoun can also refer back to the last recently used noun, sparing the need to explicitly repeat that noun. |
- | Sometimes noun phrases contain embedded [[prepositions|prepositional phrases]], such as **bina cien**, which means ' | + | **Ti ha tis kamar, va mi ha mis.** – You have your room and I have mine [= my room].\\ |
- | **On nide [attention] bina cien de ti.** – Your immediate attention | + | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns can be (and typically are) omitted when the context makes the situation of possession reasonably clear. This is especially the case when referring to one's own relatives, body parts, cloths and similar things one wears on one's body, e.g. 'her sister, my teeth, his cloak' etc. Likewise they may be used once but are subsequently omitted in cases such as 'my car'. |
- | If **ki** is not left " | + | // |
- | **Ti habe ti ki kamar, wa mi habe mi ki yan.** – You have your room and I have mine.\\ | + | ===== The reflexive pronouns “sin” |
- | **On nide ti ki [attention] bina cien.** – Your immediate attention is needed. | + | |
- | XXX Explain that possessive pronouns can be (and typically are) omitted when the context makes the situation of possession reasonably clear. | + | In the first and second person |
- | ===== The intensifier “sem” ===== | + | **Mi miru mi ni mis mira** – I see myself in my mirror.\\ |
+ | **Tum ga laki tumi yo hain ta ples.** – You will find your possessions over there. | ||
- | XXX Update this section, since **sem** is now also used as reflexive pronoun and it may no longer | + | In such cases, it's always clear who the person(s) in question are, so the normal pronouns can be used without any risk of confusion. |
- | Usually pronouns aren't followed by any adjectives. An exception is the intensifier | + | However, the third person (**ya, it, le, on**) is used for a much wider set of people and things – for anybody and anything that's not ' |
- | **Mi sem ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | + | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a sin, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear!" |
- | **[President] sem li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/ | + | |
- | XXX Probably better use a separate word for this usage? | + | Here the rabbit talks to itself |
- | When used in front of a possessive pronoun or a possessive noun phrase | + | |
- | **Mi yau ruma sem mi!** – I want my own house! (I don' | + | **Alisa sun to rabit xvo a ya, "Oi no!"** – Alice hears the rabbit say to her, "Oh dear!" |
- | **Ta xi [car] sem de [boss] mi.** – That's my boss's own car. | + | |
+ | In this case, the rabbit talks not to itself, but to someone else. Only the context can reveal to whom. In the example sentence it seems likely that it's talking to Alice, since she's the least recently mentioned person matching the pronoun **ya**. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Sini** is the possessive form of **sin**, used in the third person to express that something belongs to the subject: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Man nomu sini bir.** – The man drinks his beer. //(his own beer)// | ||
+ | |||
+ | If another third-person possessive pronoun (**yas, iti, les**, or **oni**) is used instead, this indicates that something belong to //another// third person, not to the subject themselves. For example: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Ona li kaixu side ni byen man va toma yas bir.** – The women sat down next to the man and took his beer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here **yas** indicates that the beer doesn' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note: Don't confuse the pronoun | ||
+ | |||
+ | // |
en/grammar/pronouns.1656243602.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022-06-26 13:40 by christian