en:grammar:adverbs
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en:grammar:adverbs [2022-03-25 19:18] – [Ku-adverbs] Quantifiers and selectors are placed after "ku" christian | en:grammar:adverbs [2023-02-17 12:23] (current) – Sticking with placement after the modified word christian | ||
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====== Adverbs ====== | ====== Adverbs ====== | ||
- | **Adverbs** are similar to adjectives, but while the latter modify a noun, adverbs modify a verb (phrase) or another word, such as an adjective, a numeral, or another adverb. Lugamun has two basic kinds of adverbs: **plain adverbs** and **ku-adverbs**. | + | **Adverbs** are similar to adjectives, but while the latter modify a noun, adverbs modify a verb (phrase) or another word, such as an adjective, a numeral, or another adverb. Lugamun has two basic kinds of adverbs: **plain adverbs** and **ku-adverbs**. Both types are placed after the word they modify. |
- | **Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. They are placed after the word they modify. | + | //Note:// This placement is for consistency with how adjectives |
- | + | ||
- | **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them, and they are placed in front of the word they modify. | + | |
+ | **Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them. | ||
+ | XXX Adapt this, since there are also adverbs derived through reduplication, | ||
===== Plain adverbs ===== | ===== Plain adverbs ===== | ||
- | XXX Delete | + | Plain adverb these words are only used as adverbs, they cannot modify nouns. (XXX Improve |
- | Plain adverbs usually consist in a single word. [[Noun phrases# | + | * **baru** |
+ | * **hata** – even | ||
+ | * **kasi** – almost | ||
+ | * **kixa** – then, soon after, next | ||
+ | * **kvai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future) | ||
+ | * **mo** – already | ||
+ | * **pia** – also, too | ||
+ | * **rubama** – perhaps, maybe (expresses that something is possible, but not certain) | ||
+ | * **sam** – -self, -selves, own (used for emphasis) | ||
+ | * **takriban** – approximately, | ||
+ | * **tena** – again, another time, once more | ||
+ | * **vapas** – back | ||
+ | * **yexo** – still, yet | ||
- | XXX Add examples and record this usage in the dictionary. | + | Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English. |
- | ===== Pure adverbs ===== | + | **Mi pia xvo inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\ |
+ | **Mi xvo inglis pia.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)// | ||
+ | **Mi nulis pia inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)// | ||
- | Another type of plain adverb can be called **pure adverb** – these words are only ever used as adverbs, they cannot modify nouns. They too are placed | + | In verb chains, |
- | | + | **Mi amal tu miru kvai ya.** – I hope to see her/ |
- | * **kwai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future) | + | |
- | * **pia** – also, too | + | |
- | * **si ples** – here | + | |
- | * **ta ples** – there | + | |
- | * **rubama** – perhaps, maybe (expresses that something is possible, but not certain) | + | |
- | XXX Probably explain location expression such as **si/ta ples** in a different section (technically they are noun phrases used adverbially rather than plain adverbs). | + | XXX Add another example where it's not the last verb. |
- | Pure adverbs | + | Adverbs and adverbial expressions referring to the verb (and hence the whole clause) may also be placed elsewhere in the clause, as long as they are placed |
- | **Pia mi xuo o inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\ | + | The following two sentences are relatively common ways of expressing the underlying notion. |
- | **Mi xuo pia o inglis.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)// | + | |
- | **Mi pia nulis o inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)// | + | |
- | XXX Explain how adverbs are placed in regard to verb markers – a verb and the corresponding markers are always kept together. Therefore plain adverbs are typically placed at the very start of a verb phrase (before any markers including **i**), while ku-adverbs are placed at its end. In verb chains, adverbs are instead placed before or after the verb which they modify, which may not always be the first/last verb in the chain. If the phrase | + | **Safirja (li) finu cvan kvai (yas) manto.** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. // |
+ | **Kvai safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.** – //(same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis | ||
- | **Mi [hope] kwai tu miru ...** – I hope to soon see ... | + | The following alternatives are also possible, but much rarer. |
- | Alternatively, | + | **Safirja kvai (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.**\\ |
+ | **Safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto kvai.** | ||
- | **Jen safir kwai (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. //(this is the most typical and most neutral way of expressing this)//\\ | + | The meaning |
- | **Kwai jen safir (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – //(same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis on the " | + | |
- | **Jen safir (li) finu cuan kwai o manto (ya).** – //(also possible, but rare)//\\ | + | |
- | **Jen safir (li) finu cuan o manto (ya) kwai.** – //(also possible, but relatively rare and suggests | + | |
- | ===== Ku-adverbs ===== | + | ==== rubama |
- | Most adverbs are derived | + | **Rubama** also has a derived |
- | //Note:// This placement | + | **Rubama le lai den tali**. – Maybe they will come tomorrow. |
+ | **Rubama it li era ku sola.** – Maybe it was just a mistake. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Rubama** and **ku mumkin** express a possibility according to someone' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Don't confuse this with ability (somebody is able to do something) or permission (somebody has the right to something). To express these in Lugamun, one typically uses the auxiliary verb **bisa** 'can, may, be able to' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Ya bisa main [tennis] ku hau hau.** – She can play tennis really well. / She is really good at tennis.\\ | ||
+ | **Mi bisa go [party] ka?** – Can I go to the party? / May I go to the party? | ||
+ | |||
+ | //Rationale:// In expressing situational possibility (ability and permission) with a verbal construction (the auxiliary **bisa**), Lugamun follows WALS (ch. 74). That it doesn' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== sam ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Sam** is an // | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Mi sam ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | ||
+ | **[President] sam li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/ | ||
+ | **Nas li miru maraji sam!** – We have seen the king himself! | ||
+ | |||
+ | Don't confuse **sam** | ||
+ | |||
+ | When **sam** is added after a possessive pronoun or combined with a possessive noun phrase (**sam de ...** or **... ki sam**), it stresses the importance of the possessive relationship, | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Mi yau mis sam ruma!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\ | ||
+ | **Ta xi [car] sam de mis [boss]. / Ta xi mis [boss] ki sam [car].** – That's my boss's own car. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Ku-adverbs ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Most adverbs are derived from adjectives by placing the marker **ku** between the adjective and the word or expression it modifies. | ||
**Ya nulis ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\ | **Ya nulis ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\ | ||
- | **wanita [intelligent] | + | **ona daki ku [amazing]** – an amazingly intelligent woman |
Any adjective can be turned into an adjective in such a manner, if it makes sense to do so. | Any adjective can be turned into an adjective in such a manner, if it makes sense to do so. | ||
- | Ku-adverbs can be modified by quantifiers and selectors, which are placed | + | Ku-adverbs can be modified by determiners, which are placed |
- | **Ya nulis ku ingi hau.** – She/He writes very well. | + | **Ya nulis ingi ku hau.** – She/He writes very well. |
(You could also express this using [[reduplication]], | (You could also express this using [[reduplication]], | ||
- | They can also be modified by other ku-adverbs, which are placed after the (whole) | + | They can also be modified by other adverbs, which are placed after the adverb to which they refer. |
- | **Ya li tenda ku [intelligent] | + | **Ya li tenda ku daki ku [amazing]**. – He/She acted amazingly intelligently. / He/She acted in an amazingly intelligent way. |
===== Adverbial phrases ===== | ===== Adverbial phrases ===== | ||
Some ideas that might be represented as adverbs in other languages are expressed using prepositional phrases instead. These include **kom ta** 'such, like that'. | Some ideas that might be represented as adverbs in other languages are expressed using prepositional phrases instead. These include **kom ta** 'such, like that'. |
en/grammar/adverbs.txt · Last modified: 2023-02-17 12:23 by christian