en:grammar:adverbs
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en:grammar:adverbs [2022-04-12 15:44] – Determiners aren't adverbs; simplify placement rules christian | en:grammar:adverbs [2023-02-17 12:23] (current) – Sticking with placement after the modified word christian | ||
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**Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them. | **Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them. | ||
+ | XXX Adapt this, since there are also adverbs derived through reduplication, | ||
===== Plain adverbs ===== | ===== Plain adverbs ===== | ||
- | Plain adverb these words are only used as adverbs, they cannot modify nouns. They include: | + | Plain adverb these words are only used as adverbs, they cannot modify nouns. |
* **baru** – just, recently (refers to the recent past) | * **baru** – just, recently (refers to the recent past) | ||
- | * **kwai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future) | + | * **hata** – even |
+ | * **kasi** – almost | ||
+ | * **kixa** – then, soon after, next | ||
+ | * **kvai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future) | ||
+ | * **mo** – already | ||
* **pia** – also, too | * **pia** – also, too | ||
* **rubama** – perhaps, maybe (expresses that something is possible, but not certain) | * **rubama** – perhaps, maybe (expresses that something is possible, but not certain) | ||
+ | * **sam** – -self, -selves, own (used for emphasis) | ||
+ | * **takriban** – approximately, | ||
+ | * **tena** – again, another time, once more | ||
+ | * **vapas** – back | ||
+ | * **yexo** – still, yet | ||
Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English. | Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English. | ||
- | **Mi pia xuo o inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\ | + | **Mi pia xvo inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\ |
- | **Mi xuo o inglis pia.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)// | + | **Mi xvo inglis pia.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)// |
- | **Mi nulis pia o inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)// | + | **Mi nulis pia inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)// |
In verb chains, adverbs are placed after the verb which they modify, which may not always be the last verb in the chain. | In verb chains, adverbs are placed after the verb which they modify, which may not always be the last verb in the chain. | ||
- | **Mi [hope] | + | **Mi amal tu miru kvai ya.** – I hope to see her/him soon. |
+ | |||
+ | XXX Add another example where it's not the last verb. | ||
Adverbs and adverbial expressions referring to the verb (and hence the whole clause) may also be placed elsewhere in the clause, as long as they are placed between rather than within phrases and provided they are unlikely to be misunderstood as referring to the preceding phrase rather than to the verb. Such free placement is especially common with adverbs describing the time when an event took place. Note that anything placed at the beginning of the clause will always be considered as somewhat emphasized compared to neutral placement. | Adverbs and adverbial expressions referring to the verb (and hence the whole clause) may also be placed elsewhere in the clause, as long as they are placed between rather than within phrases and provided they are unlikely to be misunderstood as referring to the preceding phrase rather than to the verb. Such free placement is especially common with adverbs describing the time when an event took place. Note that anything placed at the beginning of the clause will always be considered as somewhat emphasized compared to neutral placement. | ||
- | **Jen safir (li) finu cuan kwai o manto (ya).** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. //(this is the most typical and most neutral way of expressing this)//\\ | + | The following two sentences are relatively common ways of expressing the underlying notion. |
- | **Kwai jen safir (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – //(same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis on the " | + | |
- | **Jen safir kwai (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – //(also possible, but rare)//\\ | + | **Safirja |
- | **Jen safir (li) finu cuan o manto (ya) kwai.** – //(also possible, but relatively rare and suggests | + | **Kvai safirja |
+ | |||
+ | The following alternatives are also possible, but much rarer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Safirja kvai (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.**\\ | ||
+ | **Safirja | ||
+ | |||
+ | The meaning of plain adverbs can be found in dictionaries, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== rubama ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Rubama** also has a derived alternative, | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Rubama le lai den tali**. | ||
+ | **Rubama it li era ku sola.** – Maybe it was just a mistake. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Rubama** and **ku mumkin** express a possibility according to someone' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Don't confuse this with ability (somebody is able to do something) or permission (somebody has the right to something). To express these in Lugamun, one typically uses the auxiliary verb **bisa** 'can, may, be able to' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Ya bisa main [tennis] ku hau hau.** – She can play tennis really well. / She is really good at tennis.\\ | ||
+ | **Mi bisa go [party] ka?** – Can I go to the party? / May I go to the party? | ||
+ | |||
+ | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== sam ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Sam** is an //intensifier//, | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Mi sam ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\ | ||
+ | **[President] sam li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/ | ||
+ | **Nas li miru maraji sam!** – We have seen the king himself! | ||
+ | |||
+ | Don't confuse **sam** with the [[pronouns# | ||
+ | |||
+ | When **sam** is added after a possessive pronoun | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Mi yau mis sam ruma!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\ | ||
+ | **Ta xi [car] sam de mis [boss]. | ||
===== Ku-adverbs ===== | ===== Ku-adverbs ===== | ||
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**Ya nulis ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\ | **Ya nulis ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\ | ||
- | **wanita [intelligent] | + | **ona daki ku [amazing]** – an amazingly intelligent woman |
Any adjective can be turned into an adjective in such a manner, if it makes sense to do so. | Any adjective can be turned into an adjective in such a manner, if it makes sense to do so. | ||
- | Ku-adverbs can be modified by determiners, | + | Ku-adverbs can be modified by determiners, |
- | **Ya nulis ku ingi hau.** – She/He writes very well. | + | **Ya nulis ingi ku hau.** – She/He writes very well. |
(You could also express this using [[reduplication]], | (You could also express this using [[reduplication]], | ||
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They can also be modified by other adverbs, which are placed after the adverb to which they refer. | They can also be modified by other adverbs, which are placed after the adverb to which they refer. | ||
- | **Ya li tenda ku [intelligent] | + | **Ya li tenda ku daki ku [amazing]**. – He/She acted amazingly intelligently. / He/She acted in an amazingly intelligent way. |
===== Adverbial phrases ===== | ===== Adverbial phrases ===== | ||
Some ideas that might be represented as adverbs in other languages are expressed using prepositional phrases instead. These include **kom ta** 'such, like that'. | Some ideas that might be represented as adverbs in other languages are expressed using prepositional phrases instead. These include **kom ta** 'such, like that'. |
en/grammar/adverbs.txt · Last modified: 2023-02-17 12:23 by christian