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--- en:grammar:adverbs [2022-02-08 12:00] – [Plain adverbs] christian
+++ en:grammar:adverbs [2023-02-17 12:23] (current) – Sticking with placement after the modified word christian
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 ====== Adverbs ======
-**Adverbs** are similar to adjectives, but while the latter modify a noun, adverbs modify a verb (phrase) or another word, such as an adjective, a numeral, or another adverb. Lugamun has two basic kinds of adverbs: **plain adverbs** and **ku-adverbs**.
+**Adverbs** are similar to adjectives, but while the latter modify a noun, adverbs modify a verb (phrase) or another word, such as an adjective, a numeral, or another adverb. Lugamun has two basic kinds of adverbs: **plain adverbs** and **ku-adverbs**. Both types are placed after the word they modify.
-**Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. They are placed after the word they modify.
+//Note:// This placement is for consistency with how adjectives are placed in Lugamun.
-**Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them, and they are placed in front of the word they modify.
+**Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them.
+XXX Adapt this, since there are also adverbs derived through reduplication, such as **gengen**.
 ===== Plain adverbs =====
-Plain adverbs usually consist in a single word. [[Noun phrases#Quantifiers and selectors]] are a type of plain adverb you know already – they can be placed before verbs and (in some cases) adjectives or adverbs just as well as before nouns.
+Plain adverb these words are only used as adverbs, they cannot modify nouns. (XXX Improve this wording since **pia** can also modify noun (phrases), see the examples.) They include:
-XXX Add examples and record this usage in the dictionary.
+  * **baru** – just, recently (refers to the recent past)
+  * **hata** – even
+  * **kasi** – almost
+  * **kixa** – then, soon after, next
+  * **kvai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future)
+  * **mo** – already
+  * **pia** – also, too
+  * **rubama** – perhaps, maybe (expresses that something is possible, but not certain)
+  * **sam** – -self, -selves, own (used for emphasis)
+  * **takriban** – approximately, about, roughly
+  * **tena** – again, another time, once more
+  * **vapas** – back
+  * **yexo** – still, yet
-Another type of plain adverb can be called **pure adverb** – these words are only ever used as adverbs, they cannot modify nouns. They too are placed before the word they modify. They include:
+Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English.
-**si ples** – here (ni+si)\\
+**Mi pia xvo inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\
-**ta ples** – there (ni+ta)\\
+**Mi xvo inglis pia.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)//\\
-**?** – too (much/many/few/litte)\\
+**Mi nulis pia inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)//
-**pia** – also, too
-XXX Probably explain location expression such as **si/ta ples** in a different section (technically they are noun phrases used adverbially rather than plain adverbs).
+In verb chains, adverbs are placed after the verb which they modify, which may not always be the last verb in the chain.
-Pure adverbs are typically placed before the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English.
+**Mi amal tu miru kvai ya.** – I hope to see her/him soon.
-**Pia mi xuo o inglis.** – I too speak English (not just you).\\
+XXX Add another example where it's not the last verb.
-**Mi xuo pia o inglis.** – I speak English too (not just Lugamun).\\
-**Mi pia andika o inglis.** – I also write English (I don't just speak it).
-XXX Explain how adverbs are placed in regard to verb markers – a verb and the corresponding markers are always kept together. Therefore plain adverbs are typically placed at the very start of a verb phrase (before any markers including **i**), while ku-adverbs are placed at its end. In verb chains, adverbs are instead placed before or after the verb which they modify, which may not always be the first/last verb in the chain. If the phrase is negated, they may be placed before or after the **no** (itself a plain adverb) depending on whether or not the adverb is included in the negation. Explain all this better and give examples.
+Adverbs and adverbial expressions referring to the verb (and hence the whole clause) may also be placed elsewhere in the clause, as long as they are placed between rather than within phrases and provided they are unlikely to be misunderstood as referring to the preceding phrase rather than to the verb. Such free placement is especially common with adverbs describing the time when an event took place. Note that anything placed at the beginning of the clause will always be considered as somewhat emphasized compared to neutral placement.
-**Mi [hope] kwai tu miru ...** – I hope to soon see ...
+The following two sentences are relatively common ways of expressing the underlying notion.
-Alternatively, pure adverbs and adverbial expressions referring to the verb (and hence the whole clause) may also be placed elsewhere in the clause, as long as they are placed between rather than within phrases and provided they are unlikely to be misunderstood as referring to the phrase that follows rather than to the verb. Such free placement is especially common with adverbs describing the time when an event took place. Note that anything placed at the beginning of the clause will always be considered as somewhat emphasized compared to neutral placement.
+**Safirja (li) finu cvan kvai (yas) manto.** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. //(this is the most typical and most neutral way of expressing this)//\\
+**Kvai safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.** – //(same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis on the "soonishness" of the act)//
-**Jen safiri kwai (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. (this is the most typical and most neutral way of expressing this)\\
+The following alternatives are also possible, but much rarer.
-**Kwai jen safiri (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – (same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis on the "soonishness" of the act)\\
-**Jen safiri (li) finu cuan kwai o manto (ya).** – (also possible, but rare)\\
-**Jen safiri (li) finu cuan o manto (ya) kwai.** – (also possible, but relatively rare and suggests that **kwai** was added more or less as an afterthought)
-===== Ku-adverbs =====
+**Safirja kvai (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.**\\
+**Safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto kvai.**
-Most adverbs are derived from adjectives by placing the marker **ku** between the adjective and the word or expression it modifies. Such ku-adverbs are placed after the word they modify.
+The meaning of plain adverbs can be found in dictionaries, just as with any other words. A few of them deserve special discussion, though. These are covered in the subsections that follow.
-//Note:// This placement is for consistency with how adjectives are placed in Lugamun.
+==== rubama ====
+**Rubama** also has a derived alternative, **ku mumkin**. Both have the same meaning, though **rubama** may be a bit more common. While they are adverbs in Lugamun, in English they are sometimes translated using the auxiliary verb 'may' or 'might'.
+**Rubama le lai den tali**. – Maybe they will come tomorrow. / They may come tomorrow.\\
+**Rubama it li era ku sola.** – Maybe it was just a mistake. / It might have just been a mistake.
+**Rubama** and **ku mumkin** express a possibility according to someone's knowledge about the world – they express that the speaker is unsure about whether or not something is true or will become true. In linguistics and philosophy, this is known as [[wp>epistemic possibility]].
+Don't confuse this with ability (somebody is able to do something) or permission (somebody has the right to something). To express these in Lugamun, one typically uses the auxiliary verb **bisa** 'can, may, be able to'
+**Ya bisa main [tennis] ku hau hau.** – She can play tennis really well. / She is really good at tennis.\\
+**Mi bisa go [party] ka?** – Can I go to the party? / May I go to the party?
+//Rationale:// In expressing situational possibility (ability and permission) with a verbal construction (the auxiliary **bisa**), Lugamun follows WALS (ch. 74). That it doesn't use verbal constructions or affixes, but rather some other kind of markers (namely, in our case, adverbs) to express epistemic possibility likewise follows WALS (ch. 75). That these two kinds of possibility are expressed in different ways without overlap is likewise most typical according to WALS (ch. 76).
+==== sam ====
+**Sam** is an //intensifier//, stressing the fact that the indicated person (or thing) will handle the indicated activity in person or that (maybe surprisingly) they themselves are meant rather than anyone else.
+**Mi sam ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\
+**[President] sam li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/himself has paid us a visit!\\
+**Nas li miru maraji sam!** – We have seen the king himself!
+Don't confuse **sam** with the [[pronouns#the_reflexive_pronouns_sin_and_sini|reflexive pronoun]] **sin**. Both are typically translated as '-self' in English, but while **sam** adds emphasis, **sin** simply refers back to the subject, indicating that subject and object (for example) are the same.
+When **sam** is added after a possessive pronoun or combined with a possessive noun phrase (**sam de ...** or **... ki sam**), it stresses the importance of the possessive relationship, also indicating that it is exclusive rather than shared. In such cases, it is typically translated as 'own'.
+**Mi yau mis sam ruma!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\
+**Ta xi [car] sam de mis [boss]. / Ta xi mis [boss] ki sam [car].** – That's my boss's own car.
+===== Ku-adverbs =====
+Most adverbs are derived from adjectives by placing the marker **ku** between the adjective and the word or expression it modifies.
-**Ya andika ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\
+**Ya nulis ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\
-**wanita [intelligent] ku [amazing]** – an amazingly intelligent woman
+**ona daki ku [amazing]** – an amazingly intelligent woman
 Any adjective can be turned into an adjective in such a manner, if it makes sense to do so.
-Ku-adverbs can be modified by plain adverbs, which are placed before the **ku**.
+Ku-adverbs can be modified by determiners, which are placed before the **ku**.
-**Ya andika ingi ku hau.** – She/He writes very well.
+**Ya nulis ingi ku hau.** – She/He writes very well.
-(You could also express this using [[reduplication]], saying: **Ya andika ku hau hau.**)
+(You could also express this using [[reduplication]], saying: **Ya nulis ku hau hau.**)
-They can also be modified by other ku-adverbs, which are placed after the (whole) adverb to which they refer.
+They can also be modified by other adverbs, which are placed after the adverb to which they refer.
-**Ya li tenda ku [intelligent] ku [amazing]**. – He/She acted amazingly intelligently. / He/She acted in an amazingly intelligent way.
+**Ya li tenda ku daki ku [amazing]**. – He/She acted amazingly intelligently. / He/She acted in an amazingly intelligent way.
 ===== Adverbial phrases =====
 Some ideas that might be represented as adverbs in other languages are expressed using prepositional phrases instead. These include **kom ta** 'such, like that'.