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--- en:grammar:adverbs [2022-04-13 12:26] – [Plain adverbs] XXX note christian
+++ en:grammar:adverbs [2023-02-17 12:23] (current) – Sticking with placement after the modified word christian
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 **Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them.
+XXX Adapt this, since there are also adverbs derived through reduplication, such as **gengen**.
 ===== Plain adverbs =====
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
   * **baru** – just, recently (refers to the recent past)
-  * **kwai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future)
+  * **hata** – even
+  * **kasi** – almost
+  * **kixa** – then, soon after, next
+  * **kvai** – soon, be about to (refers to the near future)
+  * **mo** – already
   * **pia** – also, too
   * **rubama** – perhaps, maybe (expresses that something is possible, but not certain)
+  * **sam** – -self, -selves, own (used for emphasis)
+  * **takriban** – approximately, about, roughly
+  * **tena** – again, another time, once more
+  * **vapas** – back
+  * **yexo** – still, yet
 Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English.
-**Mi pia xuo o inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\
+**Mi pia xvo inglis.** – I too speak English. //(not just you)//\\
-**Mi xuo o inglis pia.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)//\\
+**Mi xvo inglis pia.** – I speak English too. //(not just Lugamun)//\\
-**Mi nulis pia o inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)//
+**Mi nulis pia inglis.** – I also write English. //(I don't just speak it)//
 In verb chains, adverbs are placed after the verb which they modify, which may not always be the last verb in the chain.
-**Mi [hope] tu miru kwai o ya.** – I hope to see her/him soon.
+**Mi amal tu miru kvai ya.** – I hope to see her/him soon.
 XXX Add another example where it's not the last verb.
@@ Line 34: / Line 43: @@
 The following two sentences are relatively common ways of expressing the underlying notion.
-**Jen safir (li) finu cuan kwai o manto (ya).** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. //(this is the most typical and most neutral way of expressing this)//\\
+**Safirja (li) finu cvan kvai (yas) manto.** – Soon the traveler took off his cloak. //(this is the most typical and most neutral way of expressing this)//\\
-**Kwai jen safir (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).** – //(same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis on the "soonishness" of the act)//
+**Kvai safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.** – //(same meaning, but with a slightly stronger emphasis on the "soonishness" of the act)//
 The following alternatives are also possible, but much rarer.
-**Jen safir kwai (li) finu cuan o manto (ya).**\\
+**Safirja kvai (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.**\\
-**Jen safir (li) finu cuan o manto (ya) kwai.**
+**Safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto kvai.**
+The meaning of plain adverbs can be found in dictionaries, just as with any other words. A few of them deserve special discussion, though. These are covered in the subsections that follow.
+==== rubama ====
+**Rubama** also has a derived alternative, **ku mumkin**. Both have the same meaning, though **rubama** may be a bit more common. While they are adverbs in Lugamun, in English they are sometimes translated using the auxiliary verb 'may' or 'might'.
+**Rubama le lai den tali**. – Maybe they will come tomorrow. / They may come tomorrow.\\
+**Rubama it li era ku sola.** – Maybe it was just a mistake. / It might have just been a mistake.
+**Rubama** and **ku mumkin** express a possibility according to someone's knowledge about the world – they express that the speaker is unsure about whether or not something is true or will become true. In linguistics and philosophy, this is known as [[wp>epistemic possibility]].
+Don't confuse this with ability (somebody is able to do something) or permission (somebody has the right to something). To express these in Lugamun, one typically uses the auxiliary verb **bisa** 'can, may, be able to'
+**Ya bisa main [tennis] ku hau hau.** – She can play tennis really well. / She is really good at tennis.\\
+**Mi bisa go [party] ka?** – Can I go to the party? / May I go to the party?
+//Rationale:// In expressing situational possibility (ability and permission) with a verbal construction (the auxiliary **bisa**), Lugamun follows WALS (ch. 74). That it doesn't use verbal constructions or affixes, but rather some other kind of markers (namely, in our case, adverbs) to express epistemic possibility likewise follows WALS (ch. 75). That these two kinds of possibility are expressed in different ways without overlap is likewise most typical according to WALS (ch. 76).
+==== sam ====
+**Sam** is an //intensifier//, stressing the fact that the indicated person (or thing) will handle the indicated activity in person or that (maybe surprisingly) they themselves are meant rather than anyone else.
+**Mi sam ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\
+**[President] sam li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/himself has paid us a visit!\\
+**Nas li miru maraji sam!** – We have seen the king himself!
+Don't confuse **sam** with the [[pronouns#the_reflexive_pronouns_sin_and_sini|reflexive pronoun]] **sin**. Both are typically translated as '-self' in English, but while **sam** adds emphasis, **sin** simply refers back to the subject, indicating that subject and object (for example) are the same.
+When **sam** is added after a possessive pronoun or combined with a possessive noun phrase (**sam de ...** or **... ki sam**), it stresses the importance of the possessive relationship, also indicating that it is exclusive rather than shared. In such cases, it is typically translated as 'own'.
+**Mi yau mis sam ruma!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\
+**Ta xi [car] sam de mis [boss]. / Ta xi mis [boss] ki sam [car].** – That's my boss's own car.
 ===== Ku-adverbs =====
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 **Ya nulis ku hau.** – She/He writes well.\\
-**wanita [intelligent] ku [amazing]** – an amazingly intelligent woman
+**ona daki ku [amazing]** – an amazingly intelligent woman
 Any adjective can be turned into an adjective in such a manner, if it makes sense to do so.
-Ku-adverbs can be modified by determiners, which are placed after the **ku**.
+Ku-adverbs can be modified by determiners, which are placed before the **ku**.
-**Ya nulis ku ingi hau.** – She/He writes very well.
+**Ya nulis ingi ku hau.** – She/He writes very well.
 (You could also express this using [[reduplication]], saying: **Ya nulis ku hau hau.**)
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 They can also be modified by other adverbs, which are placed after the adverb to which they refer.
-**Ya li tenda ku [intelligent] ku [amazing]**. – He/She acted amazingly intelligently. / He/She acted in an amazingly intelligent way.
+**Ya li tenda ku daki ku [amazing]**. – He/She acted amazingly intelligently. / He/She acted in an amazingly intelligent way.
 ===== Adverbial phrases =====
 Some ideas that might be represented as adverbs in other languages are expressed using prepositional phrases instead. These include **kom ta** 'such, like that'.