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en:grammar:adverbs [2023-01-25 10:22] – [Plain adverbs] Extend list christianen:grammar:adverbs [2023-02-17 12:23] (current) – Sticking with placement after the modified word christian
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 **Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them. **Ku-adverbs** are easily recognizable by having the particle **ku** in front of them. **Plain adverbs**, on the other hand, have no specific marker in front of them.
 +XXX Adapt this, since there are also adverbs derived through reduplication, such as **gengen**.
 ===== Plain adverbs ===== ===== Plain adverbs =====
  
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   * **yexo** – still, yet   * **yexo** – still, yet
  
-XXX Likely this will soon be changed to place them before the word or phrase they modify. 
 Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English. Plain adverbs are typically placed at the end of the phrase they modify. This sometimes allows expressing nuances that are difficult to clearly express in English.
  
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 **Safirja kvai (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.**\\ **Safirja kvai (li) finu cvan (yas) manto.**\\
 **Safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto kvai.** **Safirja (li) finu cvan (yas) manto kvai.**
 +
 +The meaning of plain adverbs can be found in dictionaries, just as with any other words. A few of them deserve special discussion, though. These are covered in the subsections that follow.
 +
 +==== rubama ====
 +
 +**Rubama** also has a derived alternative, **ku mumkin**. Both have the same meaning, though **rubama** may be a bit more common. While they are adverbs in Lugamun, in English they are sometimes translated using the auxiliary verb 'may' or 'might'.
 +
 +**Rubama le lai den tali**. – Maybe they will come tomorrow. / They may come tomorrow.\\
 +**Rubama it li era ku sola.** – Maybe it was just a mistake. / It might have just been a mistake.
 +
 +**Rubama** and **ku mumkin** express a possibility according to someone's knowledge about the world – they express that the speaker is unsure about whether or not something is true or will become true. In linguistics and philosophy, this is known as [[wp>epistemic possibility]].
 +
 +Don't confuse this with ability (somebody is able to do something) or permission (somebody has the right to something). To express these in Lugamun, one typically uses the auxiliary verb **bisa** 'can, may, be able to'
 +
 +**Ya bisa main [tennis] ku hau hau.** – She can play tennis really well. / She is really good at tennis.\\
 +**Mi bisa go [party] ka?** – Can I go to the party? / May I go to the party?
 +
 +//Rationale:// In expressing situational possibility (ability and permission) with a verbal construction (the auxiliary **bisa**), Lugamun follows WALS (ch. 74). That it doesn't use verbal constructions or affixes, but rather some other kind of markers (namely, in our case, adverbs) to express epistemic possibility likewise follows WALS (ch. 75). That these two kinds of possibility are expressed in different ways without overlap is likewise most typical according to WALS (ch. 76).
 +
 +==== sam ====
 +
 +**Sam** is an //intensifier//, stressing the fact that the indicated person (or thing) will handle the indicated activity in person or that (maybe surprisingly) they themselves are meant rather than anyone else.
 +
 +**Mi sam ga fa it.** – I'll do it myself.\\
 +**[President] sam li [visit] nas!** – The president herself/himself has paid us a visit!\\
 +**Nas li miru maraji sam!** – We have seen the king himself!
 +
 +Don't confuse **sam** with the [[pronouns#the_reflexive_pronouns_sin_and_sini|reflexive pronoun]] **sin**. Both are typically translated as '-self' in English, but while **sam** adds emphasis, **sin** simply refers back to the subject, indicating that subject and object (for example) are the same.
 +
 +When **sam** is added after a possessive pronoun or combined with a possessive noun phrase (**sam de ...** or **... ki sam**), it stresses the importance of the possessive relationship, also indicating that it is exclusive rather than shared. In such cases, it is typically translated as 'own'.
 +
 +**Mi yau mis sam ruma!** – I want my own house! (I don't want to share a house.)\\
 +**Ta xi [car] sam de mis [boss]. / Ta xi mis [boss] ki sam [car].** – That's my boss's own car.
  
 ===== Ku-adverbs ===== ===== Ku-adverbs =====
en/grammar/adverbs.1674638530.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023-01-25 10:22 by christian

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