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--- en:grammar:expressions [2021-12-16 13:49] – [Questions and answers] move this into new chapter christian
+++ en:grammar:expressions [2023-02-02 12:15] (current) – Expressing pain and other bodily feelings christian
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 ====== Expressions ======
-===== Comparisons =====
-XXX more ... than, less ... than, ... as ...
+===== Time expressions =====
-the most ... (of), the least ... (of)
+(This may be called "adjuncts of time"; generally adjuncts give additional information on matters as such manner, time, place.)
-XXX Also derive the quantifier 'most', possibly as the superlative of **ingi** 'many, much, very'.
+Time expressions are noun phrases or prepositional phrases that express when something takes place. Noun phrases used as time expressions don't need a preposition in front of them.
-===== Time expressions =====
+"Naked" time expressions (not introduced by a preposition) are most commonly placed either after the object (or after the verb, if there is no object) or between subject and verb (in front of any verb markers that the clause may contain). They can also be placed after a prepositional phrase. It is also possible to place them at the start of a clause, giving them a slight [[emphasizing parts of a clause#fronting for emphasis|emphasis]]. Rarely are they placed between verb and object (but it is not wrong to do so).
-(This may be called "adjuncts of time"; generally adjuncts give additional information on matters as such manner, time, place")
+Time expressions include:
-Time expressions are noun phrases that are usually placed immediately before the verb. Time expressions include:
+**den tali** – tomorrow\\
-**den depan** – tomorrow\\
 **si den** – today\\
 **den laste** – yesterday\\
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 XXX Give further examples and explain usage.
-**Baru** 'just, recently' can be used to describe the recent past.
+XXX Also explain prepositional time expressions such as 'since yesterday', 'until next year', 'from Mai to December'. They are most typically placed after the object.
+===== Place expressions =====
+Place expressions are noun phrases or prepositional phrases that express where something takes place. They are placed in the same manner as time expressions.
+Prepositional phrases expressing a location often start with the word **ni** 'in, at, on'. Noun phrases used as place expressions without a preceding preposition generally have **ples** 'place' as their head noun. They include:
+**aru ples** – somewhere\\
+**eni ples** – anywhere\\
+**ke ples** – where\\
+**no ples** – nowhere, anywhere (in negated sentences)\\
+**ol ples** – everywhere\\
+**otra ples** – somewhere else, elsewhere\\
+**si ples** – here\\
+**ta ples** – (over) there
+Before place expressions starting with **ni**, the copula **xi** is optional and often omitted.
-**Ya baru [arrive].** – He/She has just arrived.
+**Mi (xi) ni London.** – I'm in London.
-**Kwai** 'soon, be about to' can be used to refer to the near future.
+XXX Give some usage examples. Give some prepositional place expressions as examples and explain their usage too.
-**Ya kwai lai.** – He/She's about to come. / He/She will come soon.
+===== Expressing pain and other bodily feelings =====
-XXX Form combinations of quantifiers with common nouns to express further correlatives:
+To express that somebody has a headache or similar experiences involving a body part, one typically uses the affected body part as subject (APiCS 66).
-  * Possibly use **tem** for 'never', 'sometimes', 'always' etc.?
+**Mis tobu bole.** – I have a headache. / My head hurts.
-  * place (location, position) – used for 'somewhere', 'everywhere' etc.
-  * manner (way of performing or effecting; method or style) – used to express "somehow" (in one way or another; in some way not yet known or designated) and related concepts.
 ===== Addressing people =====
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 salam – hello\\
-xukuru – thank (verb), thanks (noun), thank you (interjection)
+xukur – thank (verb), thanks (noun), thank you (interjection)