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--- en:grammar:word_formation [2022-05-19 17:11] – Rename "spaced compound" to "spaced noun" christian
+++ en:grammar:word_formation [2023-01-17 12:58] (current) – [Suffixes] uniberso -> universo christian
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 **sikrit** – secret (adj/n)
-Note that when adjectives become nouns, they always refer to things, not to persons or animals. To refer to persons, one puts **[[#jen]]** or a more specific word such as **wanita** 'woman' or **man** 'man' before the adjective. 'An Italian' (person) is **jen itali**.
+Note that when adjectives become nouns, they always refer to things, not to persons or animals. To refer to persons, one puts **[[#jen]]** or a more specific word such as **ona** 'woman' or **man** 'man' before the adjective. 'An Italian' (person) is **jen itali**.
 ==== Nouns used as adjectives ====
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 In all these cases it is possible to use a more specific word instead of **jen** to give more details on the type of person.
-**wanita nederlani / wejen nederlani** – Dutchwoman\\
+**ona nederlani / nujen nederlani** – Dutchwoman\\
 **man nederlani / majen nederlani** – Dutchman\\
 **baca nederlani** – Dutch child
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 Only rarely the second part of a spaced noun is a word that's fundamentally a verb but that can also be used as a noun (like all verbs). Such compounds are best understood as the second part having its noun meaning, e.g. **den can** means 'day of birth', or 'birthday' for short.
-Such compounds are inherently ambiguous, since in theory **den can** could also mean 'the day gives birth' – though actually, days don't give birth, so this theoretical ambiguity is unlikely to cause confusion. But when introducing new noun–verb compounds that aren't yet widely used (and listed in a dictionary), please be careful that they, too, are very unlikely to be misunderstood as actual noun–verb sequences. When there is any doubt, it's usually better to insert a preposition such as **de** between the parts or express the intended meaning in some other way.
+Such compounds are inherently ambiguous, since in theory **den can** could also mean 'the day gives birth' – though actually, days don't give birth, so this theoretical ambiguity is unlikely to cause confusion. But when introducing new noun–verb compounds that aren't yet widely used (and listed in a dictionary), please make sure that they, too, are very unlikely to be misunderstood as actual noun–verb sequences. When there is any doubt, it's usually better to insert a preposition such as **de** between the parts or express the intended meaning in some other way.
+==== Spaced adjectives ====
+While spaced nouns are relatively common, **spaced adjectives** are much rarer. They are derived from a noun/adjective combination by turning the noun into an adjective, while leaving the original adjective unmodified. Such combinations are only used if the original adjective is a compass point.
+For example, from the noun phrase **Korea Sude** 'South Korea', the spaced adjective **korei sude** 'South Korean' is derived. Such spaced adjectives can in turn modify nouns just like any other adjectives, e.g. a person from South Korea is a **jen korei sude**.
 ===== Prefixes =====
 If a prefix ends in a vowel and the main word starts with the same vowel, only one instance of this vowel is preserved. For example  **yu-** (young, not yet fully grown individual) added to **uma** 'horse' results in the word **yuma** 'foal'.
+If the prefix ends with a vowel and the main word starts with one and the combination of these two vowels would be read as a diphthong, then the semivowel **y** is inserted between the two to prevent his. Sample: **ko+inda** becomes **koyinda** 'pretty'.
 XXX List and describe prefixes here and given one or two examples for each.
@@ Line 86: / Line 94: @@
 ===== Suffixes =====
-If a suffix that starts with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the final vowel of the main word is dropped. Sample: the suffix **-i** appended to the word **uniberso** 'universe' forms the derived word **unibersi** 'universal'.
+If a suffix that starts with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the final vowel of the main word is dropped. Sample: the suffix **-i** appended to the word **universo** 'universe' forms the derived word **universi** 'universal'.
 If the formation of the compound form would lead to a repetition of the same vowel, only one instance is kept. Hence **distansia** 'distance' + **-i** becomes **distansi** 'far, distant' (rather than "distansii").
-==== Deriving adjectives from verbs using verb markers ====
+As a special case, a final vowel is //not// removed from the main word if it's the only vowel in the word. In such cases, main word and suffix are instead joined together as they are. If the resulting vowel combination looks like a diphthong, it is also pronounced as one. For example, **fa** plus the **-u** suffix becomes **fau** /fau̯/, **ha+in** becomes **hain** /hai̯n/.
-The [[verb phrases#verb markers]] **li** (past tense), **ga** (future tense), **sai** (progressive aspect), and **bi** (passive voice) can be added to a verb, resulting in an adjective that means **ke (marker) (verb)**.
+==== Verb markers used as suffixes ====
+The [[verb phrases#verb markers]] for the three tenses (**li, na, ga**) and for the passive voice (**bi**) can be added to a verb, resulting in an adjective that means **ke (marker) (verb)**.
 **matili (= ke li mati)** – dead (who died)\\
 **matiga (= ke ga mati)** – mortal (who will die)\\
-**wanita sidesai (= wanita ke sai side)** – a sitting woman (= a woman who's sitting)\\
+**ona sidena (= ona ke (na) side)** – a sitting woman (= a woman who sits)\\
 **deklara nulisbi (= deklara ke bi nulis)** – a written declaration (= a declaration that is/was written)\\
-**[guest] rahababi** – a welcome guest
+**geste svagatbi** – a welcome guest
 Don't forget that, according to the usual [[phonology and spelling#stress]] rules, the stress shifts to the last vowel preceding the last consonant, that is, the last vowel before the added verb marker:
-> mat**i**li, mat**i**ga, sid**e**sai, andik**a**bi, karib**u**bi
+> mat**i**li, mat**i**ga, sid**e**na, andik**a**bi, karib**u**bi
-Adjectives formed by adding **-sai** often correspond to the present participle in English, while those formed with **-bi** correspond to the past participle (also called passive participle).
+Adjectives formed by adding **-na** often correspond to the present participle in English, while those formed with **-bi** correspond to the past participle (also called passive participle).
 Generally all these adjectives can be replaced by a [[dependent clauses#relative clauses|relative clause]] with no real difference in meaning, but sometimes they make a convenient shortcut.
-**Ti miru wanita sidesai ta ples ka? / Ti miru wanita ke sai side ta ples ka?** – Do you see the woman (who's) sitting over there?
+**Ti miru ona sidena ta ples ka? / Ti miru ona ke side ta ples ka?** – Do you see the woman (who's) sitting over there?
-==== aje ====
+==== Verbs used as suffixes ====
-**-aje** is appended to verbs to indicate a thing that does or realizes X.
+A few of Lugamun's verbs are also used of suffixes. When applied to another word (usually a noun), they create a new verb with the meaning "do X (to)". The following sections list the verbs used in this manner and give some examples of their usage.
+Keep again in mind that the stress in the resulting compound is placed according to the usual rules. In some cases this means that it moves one syllable to the right compared to the original word:
+> form**a**da, hator**us**a, tabak**u**sa
+If the original word ends in a consonant and the suffix has just one syllable, the stress remains unchanged:
+> s**e**lda, t**a**mha
+=== da ===
+**Da** added to nouns creates verbs meaning "give X to" – accordingly, they are usually used with an object.
+**formada** – to shape, to form (give form to)\\
+**namda** – to name, to give a/the name to\\
+**selda** – to salt (add salt to)
+Examples:
+**No du sugi selda kulin.** – Don't salt the food too much.\\
+**Nas debe namda xvan.** – We have to name the dog.
+Occasionally these verbs are used with two objects – in such cases, the recipient is usually marked using **a**.
+**Le li namda Amasonas a rika.** – The named the river the Amazon.
+=== ha ===
+**Ha** added to nouns creates verbs meaning "have X" – they are typically used with an object or an adverbial expression.
+**namha** – be called, have the name\\
+**tamha** – taste (have a certain taste)
+Examples:
+**Ta rika namha Amasonas.** – That river is called the Amazon.\\
+**Si nomin tamha ku hau hau.** – This drink tastes really good.
+=== usa ===
+**Usa** added to nouns creates verbs meaning "use X (on)". Some of these verbs are typically used with an object indicating to what they are applied:
+**hatorusa** – hammer (use a hammer on, strike with a hammer or in a hammer-like fashion)\\
+**duanusa** – smoke (preserve or prepare food or similar by treating it with smoke)
+Example:
+**Bina (fridge), le li debe duanusa (meat).** – Without a fridge, they had to smoke the meat.
+Others are commonly used with or without object:
+**tabakusa** – smoke (use the tobacco in a cigarette, cigar, pipe etc., by smoking it)
+Examples:
+**Ya sugi sugi tabakusa.** – He/She smokes way too much.\\
+**Ya (like) tabakusa (cigarette electric).** – He/She likes smoking electric cigarettes.
+==== Other suffixes ====
+=== aje ===
+**-aje** is appended to verbs to indicate a thing that does or realizes X (where X is the base word).
 **serondaje** – surroundings (the thing or things that surround something or someone)
-==== ja ====
+=== i, l ===
+**-i** is appended to nouns or verbs meaning related to, affected by, or characterized by X.
+XXX Give some examples.
+Sometimes it can also mean "applying throughout".
+XXX Give example(s).
+If  **-i** is added to a word that ends in **y** followed by a vowel, that **y** is dropped together with the vowel. For example, the adjective derived from **Italya** 'Italy' is **itali** 'Italian'.
+Note that this rule applies //only// to the **-i** suffix, not to other suffixes that just happen to start with //i//.
+The alternative form **-l** is used with nouns that end in a single **i** (not a diphthong), because the resulting adjective would otherwise be identical to the base noun itself.
+**politi** – politics, policy\\
+**politil** – political
+=== ja ===
 **-ja** is appended to verbs to indicate a person who does something, whether currently, frequently, or professionally. In English, they often correspond to a compound ending in '-er' or sometimes '-ist'.
@@ Line 123: / Line 215: @@
 **xasija** – killer\\
 **safirja** – traveler\\
-**xuoja** – speaker
+**xwoja** – speaker
-XXX Probably allow such nouns to be used in apposition after another noun that gives more details on the person described, such as  **man safirja**, **wanita safirja**, **baca safirja** – though these specific examples could also be expressed using prefixes, as **masafirja, wesafirja, yusafirja**.
+XXX Probably allow such nouns to be used in apposition after another noun that gives more details on the person described, such as  **ona safirja** 'female traveler, woman traveler', **man safirja** 'male traveler', **baca safirja** 'child traveler, traveling child' – though these specific examples could also be expressed using prefixes, as **masafirja, wesafirja, yusafirja**. Such more specific expressions will not typically be listed in the dictionary, but they can always be formed as needed.
 XXX List and describe additional suffixes here and given one or two examples for each.