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en:grammar:word_formation [2022-07-14 14:36] – rahababi -> swagatbi christianen:grammar:word_formation [2023-01-17 12:58] (current) – [Suffixes] uniberso -> universo christian
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 **sikrit** – secret (adj/n) **sikrit** – secret (adj/n)
  
-Note that when adjectives become nouns, they always refer to things, not to persons or animals. To refer to persons, one puts **[[#jen]]** or a more specific word such as **wanita** 'woman' or **man** 'man' before the adjective. 'An Italian' (person) is **jen itali**.+Note that when adjectives become nouns, they always refer to things, not to persons or animals. To refer to persons, one puts **[[#jen]]** or a more specific word such as **ona** 'woman' or **man** 'man' before the adjective. 'An Italian' (person) is **jen itali**.
  
 ==== Nouns used as adjectives ==== ==== Nouns used as adjectives ====
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 In all these cases it is possible to use a more specific word instead of **jen** to give more details on the type of person. In all these cases it is possible to use a more specific word instead of **jen** to give more details on the type of person.
  
-**wanita nederlani / wejen nederlani** – Dutchwoman\\+**ona nederlani / nujen nederlani** – Dutchwoman\\
 **man nederlani / majen nederlani** – Dutchman\\ **man nederlani / majen nederlani** – Dutchman\\
 **baca nederlani** – Dutch child **baca nederlani** – Dutch child
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 Such compounds are inherently ambiguous, since in theory **den can** could also mean 'the day gives birth' – though actually, days don't give birth, so this theoretical ambiguity is unlikely to cause confusion. But when introducing new noun–verb compounds that aren't yet widely used (and listed in a dictionary), please make sure that they, too, are very unlikely to be misunderstood as actual noun–verb sequences. When there is any doubt, it's usually better to insert a preposition such as **de** between the parts or express the intended meaning in some other way. Such compounds are inherently ambiguous, since in theory **den can** could also mean 'the day gives birth' – though actually, days don't give birth, so this theoretical ambiguity is unlikely to cause confusion. But when introducing new noun–verb compounds that aren't yet widely used (and listed in a dictionary), please make sure that they, too, are very unlikely to be misunderstood as actual noun–verb sequences. When there is any doubt, it's usually better to insert a preposition such as **de** between the parts or express the intended meaning in some other way.
 +
 +==== Spaced adjectives ====
 +
 +While spaced nouns are relatively common, **spaced adjectives** are much rarer. They are derived from a noun/adjective combination by turning the noun into an adjective, while leaving the original adjective unmodified. Such combinations are only used if the original adjective is a compass point.
 +
 +For example, from the noun phrase **Korea Sude** 'South Korea', the spaced adjective **korei sude** 'South Korean' is derived. Such spaced adjectives can in turn modify nouns just like any other adjectives, e.g. a person from South Korea is a **jen korei sude**.
  
 ===== Prefixes ===== ===== Prefixes =====
  
 If a prefix ends in a vowel and the main word starts with the same vowel, only one instance of this vowel is preserved. For example  **yu-** (young, not yet fully grown individual) added to **uma** 'horse' results in the word **yuma** 'foal'. If a prefix ends in a vowel and the main word starts with the same vowel, only one instance of this vowel is preserved. For example  **yu-** (young, not yet fully grown individual) added to **uma** 'horse' results in the word **yuma** 'foal'.
 +
 +If the prefix ends with a vowel and the main word starts with one and the combination of these two vowels would be read as a diphthong, then the semivowel **y** is inserted between the two to prevent his. Sample: **ko+inda** becomes **koyinda** 'pretty'.
  
 XXX List and describe prefixes here and given one or two examples for each. XXX List and describe prefixes here and given one or two examples for each.
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 ===== Suffixes ===== ===== Suffixes =====
  
-If a suffix that starts with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the final vowel of the main word is dropped. Sample: the suffix **-i** appended to the word **uniberso** 'universe' forms the derived word **unibersi** 'universal'.+If a suffix that starts with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the final vowel of the main word is dropped. Sample: the suffix **-i** appended to the word **universo** 'universe' forms the derived word **universi** 'universal'.
  
 If the formation of the compound form would lead to a repetition of the same vowel, only one instance is kept. Hence **distansia** 'distance' + **-i** becomes **distansi** 'far, distant' (rather than "distansii"). If the formation of the compound form would lead to a repetition of the same vowel, only one instance is kept. Hence **distansia** 'distance' + **-i** becomes **distansi** 'far, distant' (rather than "distansii").
  
-==== Deriving adjectives from verbs using verb markers ====+As a special case, a final vowel is //not// removed from the main word if it's the only vowel in the word. In such cases, main word and suffix are instead joined together as they are. If the resulting vowel combination looks like a diphthong, it is also pronounced as one. For example, **fa** plus the **-u** suffix becomes **fau** /fau̯/, **ha+in** becomes **hain** /hai̯n/. 
 + 
 +==== Verb markers used as suffixes ====
  
 The [[verb phrases#verb markers]] for the three tenses (**li, na, ga**) and for the passive voice (**bi**) can be added to a verb, resulting in an adjective that means **ke (marker) (verb)**. The [[verb phrases#verb markers]] for the three tenses (**li, na, ga**) and for the passive voice (**bi**) can be added to a verb, resulting in an adjective that means **ke (marker) (verb)**.
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 **matili (= ke li mati)** – dead (who died)\\ **matili (= ke li mati)** – dead (who died)\\
 **matiga (= ke ga mati)** – mortal (who will die)\\ **matiga (= ke ga mati)** – mortal (who will die)\\
-**wanita sidena (= wanita ke (na) side)** – a sitting woman (= a woman who sits)\\+**ona sidena (= ona ke (na) side)** – a sitting woman (= a woman who sits)\\
 **deklara nulisbi (= deklara ke bi nulis)** – a written declaration (= a declaration that is/was written)\\ **deklara nulisbi (= deklara ke bi nulis)** – a written declaration (= a declaration that is/was written)\\
-**[guest] swagatbi** – a welcome guest+**geste svagatbi** – a welcome guest
  
 Don't forget that, according to the usual [[phonology and spelling#stress]] rules, the stress shifts to the last vowel preceding the last consonant, that is, the last vowel before the added verb marker: Don't forget that, according to the usual [[phonology and spelling#stress]] rules, the stress shifts to the last vowel preceding the last consonant, that is, the last vowel before the added verb marker:
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 Generally all these adjectives can be replaced by a [[dependent clauses#relative clauses|relative clause]] with no real difference in meaning, but sometimes they make a convenient shortcut. Generally all these adjectives can be replaced by a [[dependent clauses#relative clauses|relative clause]] with no real difference in meaning, but sometimes they make a convenient shortcut.
  
-**Ti miru wanita sidena ta ples ka? / Ti miru wanita ke side ta ples ka?** – Do you see the woman (who's) sitting over there?+**Ti miru ona sidena ta ples ka? / Ti miru ona ke side ta ples ka?** – Do you see the woman (who's) sitting over there?
  
-==== aje ====+==== Verbs used as suffixes ==== 
 + 
 +A few of Lugamun's verbs are also used of suffixes. When applied to another word (usually a noun), they create a new verb with the meaning "do X (to)". The following sections list the verbs used in this manner and give some examples of their usage. 
 + 
 +Keep again in mind that the stress in the resulting compound is placed according to the usual rules. In some cases this means that it moves one syllable to the right compared to the original word: 
 + 
 +> form**a**da, hator**us**a, tabak**u**sa 
 + 
 +If the original word ends in a consonant and the suffix has just one syllable, the stress remains unchanged: 
 + 
 +> s**e**lda, t**a**mha 
 + 
 +=== da === 
 + 
 +**Da** added to nouns creates verbs meaning "give X to" – accordingly, they are usually used with an object. 
 + 
 +**formada** – to shape, to form (give form to)\\ 
 +**namda** – to name, to give a/the name to\\ 
 +**selda** – to salt (add salt to) 
 + 
 +Examples: 
 + 
 +**No du sugi selda kulin.** – Don't salt the food too much.\\ 
 +**Nas debe namda xvan.** – We have to name the dog. 
 + 
 +Occasionally these verbs are used with two objects – in such cases, the recipient is usually marked using **a**. 
 + 
 +**Le li namda Amasonas a rika.** – The named the river the Amazon. 
 + 
 +=== ha === 
 + 
 +**Ha** added to nouns creates verbs meaning "have X" – they are typically used with an object or an adverbial expression. 
 + 
 +**namha** – be called, have the name\\ 
 +**tamha** – taste (have a certain taste) 
 + 
 +Examples: 
 + 
 +**Ta rika namha Amasonas.** – That river is called the Amazon.\\ 
 +**Si nomin tamha ku hau hau.** – This drink tastes really good. 
 + 
 +=== usa === 
 + 
 +**Usa** added to nouns creates verbs meaning "use X (on)". Some of these verbs are typically used with an object indicating to what they are applied: 
 + 
 +**hatorusa** – hammer (use a hammer on, strike with a hammer or in a hammer-like fashion)\\ 
 +**duanusa** – smoke (preserve or prepare food or similar by treating it with smoke) 
 + 
 +Example: 
 + 
 +**Bina (fridge), le li debe duanusa (meat).** – Without a fridge, they had to smoke the meat. 
 + 
 +Others are commonly used with or without object: 
 + 
 +**tabakusa** – smoke (use the tobacco in a cigarette, cigar, pipe etc., by smoking it) 
 + 
 +Examples: 
 + 
 +**Ya sugi sugi tabakusa.** – He/She smokes way too much.\\ 
 +**Ya (like) tabakusa (cigarette electric).** – He/She likes smoking electric cigarettes. 
 + 
 +==== Other suffixes ==== 
 + 
 +=== aje ===
  
 **-aje** is appended to verbs to indicate a thing that does or realizes X (where X is the base word). **-aje** is appended to verbs to indicate a thing that does or realizes X (where X is the base word).
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 **serondaje** – surroundings (the thing or things that surround something or someone) **serondaje** – surroundings (the thing or things that surround something or someone)
  
-==== i ====+=== i, l ===
  
 **-i** is appended to nouns or verbs meaning related to, affected by, or characterized by X. **-i** is appended to nouns or verbs meaning related to, affected by, or characterized by X.
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 XXX Give example(s). XXX Give example(s).
  
-If **-i** is appended to a noun that already ends in a single **i** (not a diphthong), the resulting adjective is identical to the base noun itself.+If  **-i** is added to a word that ends in **y** followed by a vowel, that **y** is dropped together with the vowel. For example, the adjective derived from **Italya** 'Italy' is **itali** 'Italian'. 
 + 
 +Note that this rule applies //only// to the **-i** suffix, not to other suffixes that just happen to start with //i//.
  
-**politi** – politics, policy, political+The alternative form **-l** is used with nouns that end in a single **i** (not a diphthong), because the resulting adjective would otherwise be identical to the base noun itself.
  
-Note: Please refrain from using **-i** with verbs that already end in **-i**. Since all verbs can also be used as nouns, this would result in the same word form being used as verb, noun, //and// adjective, which could be confusing. Often other suffixes such as **-na** are more suited to making adjectives from verbs, and another option is to use the preposition **de** followed by the base word to create an adjectival form.+**politi** – politics, policy\\ 
 +**politil** – political
  
-==== ja ====+=== ja ===
  
 **-ja** is appended to verbs to indicate a person who does something, whether currently, frequently, or professionally. In English, they often correspond to a compound ending in '-er' or sometimes '-ist'. **-ja** is appended to verbs to indicate a person who does something, whether currently, frequently, or professionally. In English, they often correspond to a compound ending in '-er' or sometimes '-ist'.
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 **xasija** – killer\\ **xasija** – killer\\
 **safirja** – traveler\\ **safirja** – traveler\\
-**xuoja** – speaker+**xwoja** – speaker
  
-XXX Probably allow such nouns to be used in apposition after another noun that gives more details on the person described, such as  **wanita safirja** 'female traveler, woman traveler', **man safirja** 'male traveler', **baca safirja** 'child traveler, traveling child' – though these specific examples could also be expressed using prefixes, as **masafirja, wesafirja, yusafirja**. Such more specific expressions will not typically be listed in the dictionary, but they can always be formed as needed.+XXX Probably allow such nouns to be used in apposition after another noun that gives more details on the person described, such as  **ona safirja** 'female traveler, woman traveler', **man safirja** 'male traveler', **baca safirja** 'child traveler, traveling child' – though these specific examples could also be expressed using prefixes, as **masafirja, wesafirja, yusafirja**. Such more specific expressions will not typically be listed in the dictionary, but they can always be formed as needed.
  
 XXX List and describe additional suffixes here and given one or two examples for each. XXX List and describe additional suffixes here and given one or two examples for each.
  
en/grammar/word_formation.1657802199.txt.gz · Last modified: by christian
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