Differences

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--- en:grammar:word_formation [2022-10-02 10:34] – [Suffixes] christian
+++ en:grammar:word_formation [2023-01-17 12:58] (current) – [Suffixes] uniberso -> universo christian
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 **sikrit** – secret (adj/n)
-Note that when adjectives become nouns, they always refer to things, not to persons or animals. To refer to persons, one puts **[[#jen]]** or a more specific word such as **wanita** 'woman' or **man** 'man' before the adjective. 'An Italian' (person) is **jen itali**.
+Note that when adjectives become nouns, they always refer to things, not to persons or animals. To refer to persons, one puts **[[#jen]]** or a more specific word such as **ona** 'woman' or **man** 'man' before the adjective. 'An Italian' (person) is **jen itali**.
 ==== Nouns used as adjectives ====
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 In all these cases it is possible to use a more specific word instead of **jen** to give more details on the type of person.
-**wanita nederlani / wejen nederlani** – Dutchwoman\\
+**ona nederlani / nujen nederlani** – Dutchwoman\\
 **man nederlani / majen nederlani** – Dutchman\\
 **baca nederlani** – Dutch child
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 ===== Suffixes =====
-If a suffix that starts with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the final vowel of the main word is dropped. Sample: the suffix **-i** appended to the word **uniberso** 'universe' forms the derived word **unibersi** 'universal'.
+If a suffix that starts with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the final vowel of the main word is dropped. Sample: the suffix **-i** appended to the word **universo** 'universe' forms the derived word **universi** 'universal'.
 If the formation of the compound form would lead to a repetition of the same vowel, only one instance is kept. Hence **distansia** 'distance' + **-i** becomes **distansi** 'far, distant' (rather than "distansii").
@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 **matili (= ke li mati)** – dead (who died)\\
 **matiga (= ke ga mati)** – mortal (who will die)\\
-**wanita sidena (= wanita ke (na) side)** – a sitting woman (= a woman who sits)\\
+**ona sidena (= ona ke (na) side)** – a sitting woman (= a woman who sits)\\
 **deklara nulisbi (= deklara ke bi nulis)** – a written declaration (= a declaration that is/was written)\\
-**[guest] swagatbi** – a welcome guest
+**geste svagatbi** – a welcome guest
 Don't forget that, according to the usual [[phonology and spelling#stress]] rules, the stress shifts to the last vowel preceding the last consonant, that is, the last vowel before the added verb marker:
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 Generally all these adjectives can be replaced by a [[dependent clauses#relative clauses|relative clause]] with no real difference in meaning, but sometimes they make a convenient shortcut.
-**Ti miru wanita sidena ta ples ka? / Ti miru wanita ke side ta ples ka?** – Do you see the woman (who's) sitting over there?
+**Ti miru ona sidena ta ples ka? / Ti miru ona ke side ta ples ka?** – Do you see the woman (who's) sitting over there?
 ==== Verbs used as suffixes ====
@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 **No du sugi selda kulin.** – Don't salt the food too much.\\
-**Nas debe namda xwan.** – We have to name the dog.
+**Nas debe namda xvan.** – We have to name the dog.
 Occasionally these verbs are used with two objects – in such cases, the recipient is usually marked using **a**.
@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 **serondaje** – surroundings (the thing or things that surround something or someone)
-=== i ===
+=== i, l ===
 **-i** is appended to nouns or verbs meaning related to, affected by, or characterized by X.
@@ Line 203: / Line 203: @@
 Note that this rule applies //only// to the **-i** suffix, not to other suffixes that just happen to start with //i//.
-If **-i** is appended to a noun that already ends in a single **i** (not a diphthong), the resulting adjective is identical to the base noun itself.
+The alternative form **-l** is used with nouns that end in a single **i** (not a diphthong), because the resulting adjective would otherwise be identical to the base noun itself.
-**politi** – politics, policy, political
+**politi** – politics, policy\\
+**politil** – political
-Note: Please refrain from using **-i** with verbs that already end in **-i**. Since all verbs can also be used as nouns, this would result in the same word form being used as verb, noun, //and// adjective, which could be confusing. Often other suffixes such as **-na** are more suited to making adjectives from verbs, and another option is to use the preposition **de** followed by the base word to create an adjectival form.
 === ja ===
@@ Line 218: / Line 217: @@
 **xwoja** – speaker
-XXX Probably allow such nouns to be used in apposition after another noun that gives more details on the person described, such as  **wanita safirja** 'female traveler, woman traveler', **man safirja** 'male traveler', **baca safirja** 'child traveler, traveling child' – though these specific examples could also be expressed using prefixes, as **masafirja, wesafirja, yusafirja**. Such more specific expressions will not typically be listed in the dictionary, but they can always be formed as needed.
+XXX Probably allow such nouns to be used in apposition after another noun that gives more details on the person described, such as  **ona safirja** 'female traveler, woman traveler', **man safirja** 'male traveler', **baca safirja** 'child traveler, traveling child' – though these specific examples could also be expressed using prefixes, as **masafirja, wesafirja, yusafirja**. Such more specific expressions will not typically be listed in the dictionary, but they can always be formed as needed.
 XXX List and describe additional suffixes here and given one or two examples for each.